1 Samuel 21NKJV
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1 Samuel21

New King James Version

1Now David came to Nob, to Ahimelech the priest. And Ahimelech was afraid when he met David, and said to him, “Why are you alone, and no one is with you?”

2So David said to Ahimelech the priest, “The king has ordered me on some business, and said to me, ‘Do not let anyone know anything about the business on which I send you, or what I have commanded you.’ And I have directed my young men to such and such a place.

3Now therefore, what have you on hand? Give me five loaves of bread in my hand, or whatever can be found.”

4And the priest answered David and said, “There is no common bread on hand; but there is holy bread, if the young men have at least kept themselves from women.”

5Then David answered the priest, and said to him, “Truly, women have been kept from us about three days since I came out. And the vessels of the young men are holy, and the bread is in effect common, even though it was consecrated in the vessel this day.”

6So the priest gave him holy bread; for there was no bread there but the showbread which had been taken from before the Lord, in order to put hot bread in its place on the day when it was taken away.

7Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the Lord. And his name was Doeg, an Edomite, the chief of the herdsmen who belonged to Saul.

8And David said to Ahimelech, “Is there not here on hand a spear or a sword? For I have brought neither my sword nor my weapons with me, because the king’s business required haste.”

9So the priest said, “The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom you killed in the Valley of Elah, there it is, wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod. If you will take that, take it. For there is no other except that one here.” And David said, “There is none like it; give it to me.”

10Then David arose and fled that day from before Saul, and went to Achish the king of Gath.

11And the servants of Achish said to him, “Is this not David the king of the land? Did they not sing of him to one another in dances, saying: ‘Saul has slain his thousands, And David his ten thousands’?”

12Now David took these words to heart, and was very much afraid of Achish the king of Gath.

13So he changed his behavior before them, pretended madness in their hands, scratched on the doors of the gate, and let his saliva fall down on his beard.

14Then Achish said to his servants, “Look, you see the man is insane. Why have you brought him to me?

15Have I need of madmen, that you have brought this fellow to play the madman in my presence? Shall this fellow come into my house?”

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 21.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: David with Ahimelech. (1–9). David at Gath feigns himself mad. (10–15).

vv1-9

David, in distress, fled to the tabernacle of God. It is great comfort in a day of trouble, that we have a God to go to, to whom we may open our cases, and from whom we may ask and expect direction. David told Ahimelech a gross untruth. What shall we say to this? The Scripture does not conceal it, and we dare not justify it; it was ill done, and proved of bad consequence; for it occasioned the death of the priests of the Lord. David thought upon it afterward with regret. David had great faith and courage, yet both failed him; he fell thus foully through fear and cowardice, and owing to the weakness of his faith. Had he trusted God aright, he would not have used such a sorry, sinful shift for his own preservation. It is written, not for us to do the like, no, not in the greatest straits, but for our warning. David asked of Ahimelech bread and a sword. Ahimelech supposed they might eat the shew-bread. The Son of David taught from it, that mercy is to be preferred to sacrifice; that ritual observances must give way to moral duties. Doeg set his foot as far within the tabernacle as David did. We little know with what hearts people come to the house of God, nor what use they will make of pretended devotion. If many come in simplicity of heart to serve their God, others come to observe their teachers and to prove accusers. Only God and the event can distinguish between a David and a Doeg, when both are in the tabernacle. (1Sa 21:10-15)

vv10-15

God's persecuted people have often found better usage from Philistines than from Israelites. David had reason to put confidence in Achish, yet he began to be afraid. His conduct was degrading, and discovered wavering in his faith and courage. The more simply we depend on God, and obey him, the more comfortably and surely we shall walk through this troublesome world.

Cross References

1 Samuel 21
v6Matthew 12:3thematic

Jesus cites David's eating of the shewbread to demonstrate that ritual laws yield to human necessity.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Matthew 12:4thematic

Jesus explains that the hallowed bread was strictly designated only for the priests to eat.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Mark 2:25thematic

New Testament parallel where Jesus asks the Pharisees if they read what David did when hungry.

Supported by JFB

v6Luke 6:3thematic

Luke's account of Jesus defending His disciples by appealing to David receiving the priest's bread.

Supported by JFB

v2Psalms 119:29thematic

David's prayer to be kept from lying; commentators link this to his false statement to Ahimelech.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Exodus 19:15thematic

The ritual requirement of abstinence from women, which Ahimelech applied to David's men.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Levitical law establishing the regulations, sanctification, and weekly replacement of the holy shewbread.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Doeg the Edomite reports this meeting to Saul, resulting in the slaughter of the priests.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v91 Samuel 17:54thematic

Explains how Goliath's sword, which David took, was originally deposited and preserved as a trophy.

Supported by JFB

v13Psalms 34:1thematic

Composed by David when he changed his behavior and feigned madness before Abimelech (Achish).

v1Mark 2:26thematic

Jesus identifies the high priest during this event as Abiathar (often equated with Ahimelech).

v7Psalms 52:1thematic

Written concerning Doeg's betrayal of David to Saul, detailing his deceitful tongue.

v111 Samuel 18:7allusion

The exact song sung by Israel that the servants of Achish quote against David.

v11 Samuel 14:3thematic

Establishes Ahimelech's lineage as a son of Ahitub, connecting him to the house of Eli.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11 Samuel 22:19thematic

Identifies Nob as 'the city of the priests' which Saul later destroys because of David.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB