1 Samuel21
New American Standard
1Then David came to Nob, to Ahimelech the priest; and Ahimelech came trembling to meet David and said to him, “Why are you alone, and no one with you?”
2David said to Ahimelech the priest, “The king has commissioned me with a matter and has said to me, ‘No one is to know anything about the matter on which I am sending you and with which I have commissioned you; and I have directed the young men to a certain place.’
3Now then, what do you have on hand? Give me five loaves of bread, or whatever can be found.”
4The priest answered David and said, “There is no ordinary bread on hand, but there is consecrated bread, if only the young men have kept themselves from women.”
5David answered the priest and said to him, “Be assured, women have been denied to us as previously when I left and the bodies of the young men were consecrated, though it was an ordinary journey; how much more then will their bodies be consecrated today?”
6So the priest gave him consecrated bread; for there was no bread there except the bread of the Presence which was removed from its place before the Lord, in order to put hot bread in its place on the day it was taken away.
7Now one of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the Lord; and his name was Doeg the Edomite, the chief of Saul’s shepherds.
8David said to Ahimelech, “Now is there no spear or sword on hand? For I brought neither my sword nor my weapons with me, because the king’s matter was urgent.”
9Then the priest said, “The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom you killed in the Valley of Elah, behold, it is wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod; if you would take it for yourself, take it. For there is no other except it here.” And David said, “There is none like it; give it to me.”
10Then David set out and fled that day from Saul, and went to Achish king of Gath.
11But the servants of Achish said to him, “Is this not David, the king of the land? Did they not sing of this one as they danced, saying, ‘Saul has slain his thousands, And David his ten thousands’?”
12David took these words to heart and greatly feared Achish king of Gath.
13So he disguised his sanity while in their sight and acted insanely in their custody, and he scribbled on the doors of the gate, and drooled on his beard.
14Then Achish said to his servants, “Look, you see the man is behaving like an insane person. Why do you bring him to me?
15Do I lack insane people, that you have brought this one to behave like an insane person in my presence? Shall this one come into my house?”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 21.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: David with Ahimelech. (1–9). David at Gath feigns himself mad. (10–15).
vv1-9
David, in distress, fled to the tabernacle of God. It is great comfort in a day of trouble, that we have a God to go to, to whom we may open our cases, and from whom we may ask and expect direction. David told Ahimelech a gross untruth. What shall we say to this? The Scripture does not conceal it, and we dare not justify it; it was ill done, and proved of bad consequence; for it occasioned the death of the priests of the Lord. David thought upon it afterward with regret. David had great faith and courage, yet both failed him; he fell thus foully through fear and cowardice, and owing to the weakness of his faith. Had he trusted God aright, he would not have used such a sorry, sinful shift for his own preservation. It is written, not for us to do the like, no, not in the greatest straits, but for our warning. David asked of Ahimelech bread and a sword. Ahimelech supposed they might eat the shew-bread. The Son of David taught from it, that mercy is to be preferred to sacrifice; that ritual observances must give way to moral duties. Doeg set his foot as far within the tabernacle as David did. We little know with what hearts people come to the house of God, nor what use they will make of pretended devotion. If many come in simplicity of heart to serve their God, others come to observe their teachers and to prove accusers. Only God and the event can distinguish between a David and a Doeg, when both are in the tabernacle. (1Sa 21:10-15)
vv10-15
God's persecuted people have often found better usage from Philistines than from Israelites. David had reason to put confidence in Achish, yet he began to be afraid. His conduct was degrading, and discovered wavering in his faith and courage. The more simply we depend on God, and obey him, the more comfortably and surely we shall walk through this troublesome world.
Key Words
דָּוִד: David, the youngest son of Jesse
בּוֹא: to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
נֹב: Nob, a place in Palestine
אֲחִימֶלֶךְ: Achimelek, the name of an Israelite and of a Hittite
כֹּהֵן: literally one officiating, a priest; also (by courtesy) an acting priest (although a layman)
קִרְאָה: an encountering, accidental, friendly or hostile (also adverbially, opposite)
חָרַד: to shudder with terror; hence, to fear; also to hasten (with anxiety)
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
מַדּוּעַ: what (is) known?; i.e. (by implication) (adverbially) why?
בַּד: properly, separation; by implication, a part of the body, branch of atree, bar forcarrying; figuratively, chief of a city; especially (with prepositional prefix) as an adverb, apart, only, besides
Cross References
1 Samuel 21Jesus cites David's eating of the shewbread to demonstrate that ritual laws yield to human necessity.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Jesus explains that the hallowed bread was strictly designated only for the priests to eat.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
New Testament parallel where Jesus asks the Pharisees if they read what David did when hungry.
Supported by JFB
Luke's account of Jesus defending His disciples by appealing to David receiving the priest's bread.
Supported by JFB
David's prayer to be kept from lying; commentators link this to his false statement to Ahimelech.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The ritual requirement of abstinence from women, which Ahimelech applied to David's men.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Levitical law establishing the regulations, sanctification, and weekly replacement of the holy shewbread.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Doeg the Edomite reports this meeting to Saul, resulting in the slaughter of the priests.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Explains how Goliath's sword, which David took, was originally deposited and preserved as a trophy.
Supported by JFB
Composed by David when he changed his behavior and feigned madness before Abimelech (Achish).
Jesus identifies the high priest during this event as Abiathar (often equated with Ahimelech).
Written concerning Doeg's betrayal of David to Saul, detailing his deceitful tongue.
The exact song sung by Israel that the servants of Achish quote against David.
Establishes Ahimelech's lineage as a son of Ahitub, connecting him to the house of Eli.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Identifies Nob as 'the city of the priests' which Saul later destroys because of David.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB