1 Samuel18
New American Standard
1Now it came about, when he had finished speaking to Saul, that Jonathan committed himself to David, and Jonathan loved him as himself.
2And Saul took him that day and did not let him return to his father’s house.
3Then Jonathan made a covenant with David because he loved him as himself.
4Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was on him and gave it to David, with his military gear, including his sword, his bow, and his belt.
5And David went into battle wherever Saul sent him, and always achieved success; so Saul put him in charge of the men of war. And it was pleasing in the sight of all the people, and also in the sight of Saul’s servants.
6Now it happened as they were coming, when David returned from killing the Philistine, that the women came out of all the cities of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet King Saul, with tambourines, with joy and with other musical instruments.
7The women sang as they played, and said, “Saul has slain his thousands, And David his ten thousands.”
8Then Saul became very angry, for this lyric displeased him; and he said, “They have given David credit for ten thousands, but to me they have given credit for only thousands! Now what more can he have but the kingdom?”
9And Saul eyed David with suspicion from that day on.
10Now it came about on the next day that an evil spirit from God rushed upon Saul, and he raved in the midst of the house while David was playing the harp with his hand, as usual; and a spear was in Saul’s hand.
11Then Saul hurled the spear, for he thought, “I will pin David to the wall.” But David escaped from his presence, twice.
12Now Saul was afraid of David, because the Lord was with him but had left Saul.
13So Saul removed him from his presence and appointed him as his commander of a thousand; and he went out and came in before the people.
14David was successful in all his ways, for the Lord was with him.
15When Saul saw that he was very successful, he was afraid of him.
16But all Israel and Judah loved David, for he would go out to battle and return before them.
17Then Saul said to David, “Here is my older daughter Merab; I will give her to you as a wife, only be a valiant man for me and fight the Lord’s battles.” For Saul thought, “My hand shall not be against him, but let the hand of the Philistines be against him.”
18But David said to Saul, “Who am I, and who is my family, or my father’s family in Israel, that I should be the king’s son-in-law?”
19So it came about at the time that Merab, Saul’s daughter, was to be given to David, that she was given instead to Adriel the Meholathite as a wife.
20Now Michal, Saul’s daughter, loved David. When they informed Saul, the thing was pleasing to him.
21For Saul thought, “I will give her to him so that she may become a trap for him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him.” Therefore Saul said to David, “For a second time you may become my son-in-law, today.”
22Then Saul commanded his servants, “Speak to David in secret, saying, ‘Behold, the king delights in you, and all his servants love you; now then, become the king’s son-in-law.’”
23So Saul’s servants spoke these words to David. But David said, “Is it trivial in your sight to become the king’s son-in-law, since I am only a poor man and insignificant?”
24Then Saul’s servants reported to him, saying, “These are the words David spoke.”
25Saul then said, “This is what you shall say to David: ‘The king does not desire any dowry except a hundred foreskins of the Philistines, to take vengeance on the king’s enemies.’” But Saul plotted to have David fall by the hand of the Philistines.
26When his servants told David these words, it pleased David to become the king’s son-in-law. So before the time had expired,
27David set out and went, he and his men, and fatally struck two hundred men among the Philistines. Then David brought their foreskins, and they presented all two hundred of them to the king, so that he might become the king’s son-in-law. And Saul gave him his daughter Michal as a wife.
28When Saul saw and realized that the Lord was with David, and that Michal, Saul’s daughter, loved him,
29then Saul was even more afraid of David. So Saul was David’s enemy continually.
30Then the commanders of the Philistines went to battle, and it happened as often as they went out, that David was more successful than all the servants of Saul. So his name was held in high esteem.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 18.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Jonathan's friendship for David. (1–5). Saul seeks to kill David. (6–11). Saul's fear of David. (12–30).
vv1-5
The friendship of David and Jonathan was the effect of Divine grace, which produces in true believers one heart and one soul, and causes them to love each other. This union of souls is from partaking in the Spirit of Christ. Where God unites hearts, carnal matters are too weak to separate them. Those who love Christ as their own souls, will be willing to join themselves to him in an everlasting covenant. It was certainly a great proof of the power of God's grace in David, that he was able to bear all this respect and honour, without being lifted up above measure.
vv6-11
David's troubles not only immediately follow his triumphs, but arise from them; such is the vanity of that which seems greatest in this world. It is a sign that the Spirit of God is departed from men, if, like Saul, they are peevish, envious, suspicious, and ill-natured. Compare David, with his harp in his hand, aiming to serve Saul, and Saul, with his javelin in his hand, aiming to slay David; and observe the sweetness and usefulness of God's persecuted people, and the barbarity of their persecutors. But David's safety must be ascribed to God's providence.
vv12-30
For a long time David was kept in continual apprehension of falling by the hand of Saul, yet he persevered in meek and respectful behaviour towards his persecutor. How uncommon is such prudence and discretion, especially under insults and provocations! Let us inquire if we imitate this part of the exemplary character before us. Are we behaving wisely in all our ways? Is there no sinful omission, no rashness of spirit, nothing wrong in our conduct? Opposition and perverseness in others, will not excuse wrong tempers in us, but should increase our care, and attention to the duties of our station. Consider Him that endured contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be weary and faint in your minds, Heb 12:3. If David magnified the honour of being son-in-law to king Saul, how should we magnify the honour of being sons to the King of kings!
Key Words
כָּלָה: to end, whether intransitive (to cease, be finished, perish) or transitived (to complete, prepare, consume)
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
שָׁאוּל: Shaul, the name of an Edomite and two Israelites
נֶפֶשׁ: properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)
יְהוֹנָתָן: Jehonathan, the name of four Israelites
קָשַׁר: to tie, physically (gird, confine, compact) or mentally (in love, league)
דָּוִד: David, the youngest son of Jesse
אָהַב: to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)
לָקַח: to take (in the widest variety of applications)
יוֹם: a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)
Cross References
1 Samuel 18Direct recurrence of the evil spirit coming on Saul as David plays, and Saul throwing a javelin.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Establishes the origin of Saul's affliction by the evil spirit from God.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Explicitly identifies Adriel the Meholathite as the husband of Saul's daughter, confirming the broken pledge.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
David later demands his wife Michal, mentioning the dowry of a hundred Philistine foreskins.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Highlights Jonathan's love for David, repeating that he loved him as his own soul.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Illustrates the high Eastern honor of wearing clothing worn by the king or heir.
Supported by JFB
Parallels the custom of women coming out with dances and tabrets to celebrate military victory.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Saul's earlier unfulfilled public promise of giving his daughter to the slayer of Goliath.
Supported by JFB
Identical Hebrew idiom for souls being 'knit' or bound together in deep love.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Classic precedent of women leading triumphal dancing and singing after national deliverance.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The Philistines quote this exact triumphal song, showing its widespread renown and impact.
Supported by Matthew Poole
David later adopts Saul's wicked strategy: sending Uriah to the front to die by enemies.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The military/leadership idiom of 'going out and coming in' before the people.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Illustrates the ancient Near Eastern custom of a bride price or dowry (mohar).
Supported by JFB
Reinforces the theme of David behaving himself wisely under all circumstances.
Supported by Matthew Henry