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1 Samuel 18

1 Samuel18

New Living Translation

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1 After David had finished talking with Saul, he met Jonathan, the king’s son. There was an immediate bond between them, for Jonathan loved David.

2 From that day on Saul kept David with him and wouldn’t let him return home.

3 And Jonathan made a solemn pact with David, because he loved him as he loved himself.

4 Jonathan sealed the pact by taking off his robe and giving it to David, together with his tunic, sword, bow, and belt.

5 Whatever Saul asked David to do, David did it successfully. So Saul made him a commander over the men of war, an appointment that was welcomed by the people and Saul’s officers alike.

6 When the victorious Israelite army was returning home after David had killed the Philistine, women from all the towns of Israel came out to meet King Saul. They sang and danced for joy with tambourines and cymbals.

7 This was their song: “Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousands!”

8 This made Saul very angry. “What’s this?” he said. “They credit David with ten thousands and me with only thousands. Next they’ll be making him their king!”

9 So from that time on Saul kept a jealous eye on David.

10 The very next day a tormenting spirit from God overwhelmed Saul, and he began to rave in his house like a madman. David was playing the harp, as he did each day. But Saul had a spear in his hand,

11 and he suddenly hurled it at David, intending to pin him to the wall. But David escaped him twice.

12 Saul was then afraid of David, for the Lord was with David and had turned away from Saul.

13 Finally, Saul sent him away and appointed him commander over 1,000 men, and David faithfully led his troops into battle.

14 David continued to succeed in everything he did, for the Lord was with him.

15 When Saul recognized this, he became even more afraid of him.

16 But all Israel and Judah loved David because he was so successful at leading his troops into battle.

17 One day Saul said to David, “I am ready to give you my older daughter, Merab, as your wife. But first you must prove yourself to be a real warrior by fighting the Lord’s battles.” For Saul thought, “I’ll send him out against the Philistines and let them kill him rather than doing it myself.”

18 “Who am I, and what is my family in Israel that I should be the king’s son-in-law?” David exclaimed. “My father’s family is nothing!”

19 So when the time came for Saul to give his daughter Merab in marriage to David, he gave her instead to Adriel, a man from Meholah.

20 In the meantime, Saul’s daughter Michal had fallen in love with David, and Saul was delighted when he heard about it.

21 “Here’s another chance to see him killed by the Philistines!” Saul said to himself. But to David he said, “Today you have a second chance to become my son-in-law!”

22 Then Saul told his men to say to David, “The king really likes you, and so do we. Why don’t you accept the king’s offer and become his son-in-law?”

23 When Saul’s men said these things to David, he replied, “How can a poor man from a humble family afford the bride price for the daughter of a king?”

24 When Saul’s men reported this back to the king,

25 he told them, “Tell David that all I want for the bride price is 100 Philistine foreskins! Vengeance on my enemies is all I really want.” But what Saul had in mind was that David would be killed in the fight.

26 David was delighted to accept the offer. Before the time limit expired,

27 he and his men went out and killed 200 Philistines. Then David fulfilled the king’s requirement by presenting all their foreskins to him. So Saul gave his daughter Michal to David to be his wife.

28 When Saul realized that the Lord was with David and how much his daughter Michal loved him,

29 Saul became even more afraid of him, and he remained David’s enemy for the rest of his life.

30 Every time the commanders of the Philistines attacked, David was more successful against them than all the rest of Saul’s officers. So David’s name became very famous.

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1 Samuel 18

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 18. The full AI study guide (summary, themes, context) has its own page.

Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Jonathan's friendship for David. (1–5). Saul seeks to kill David. (6–11). Saul's fear of David. (12–30).

vv1-5

The friendship of David and Jonathan was the effect of Divine grace, which produces in true believers one heart and one soul, and causes them to love each other. This union of souls is from partaking in the Spirit of Christ. Where God unites hearts, carnal matters are too weak to separate them. Those who love Christ as their own souls, will be willing to join themselves to him in an everlasting covenant. It was certainly a great proof of the power of God's grace in David, that he was able to bear all this respect and honour, without being lifted up above measure.

vv6-11

David's troubles not only immediately follow his triumphs, but arise from them; such is the vanity of that which seems greatest in this world. It is a sign that the Spirit of God is departed from men, if, like Saul, they are peevish, envious, suspicious, and ill-natured. Compare David, with his harp in his hand, aiming to serve Saul, and Saul, with his javelin in his hand, aiming to slay David; and observe the sweetness and usefulness of God's persecuted people, and the barbarity of their persecutors. But David's safety must be ascribed to God's providence.

vv12-30

For a long time David was kept in continual apprehension of falling by the hand of Saul, yet he persevered in meek and respectful behaviour towards his persecutor. How uncommon is such prudence and discretion, especially under insults and provocations! Let us inquire if we imitate this part of the exemplary character before us. Are we behaving wisely in all our ways? Is there no sinful omission, no rashness of spirit, nothing wrong in our conduct? Opposition and perverseness in others, will not excuse wrong tempers in us, but should increase our care, and attention to the duties of our station. Consider Him that endured contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be weary and faint in your minds, Heb 12:3. If David magnified the honour of being son-in-law to king Saul, how should we magnify the honour of being sons to the King of kings!

Cross References

1 Samuel 18
v101 Samuel 19:9thematic

Direct recurrence of the evil spirit coming on Saul as David plays, and Saul throwing a javelin.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

v101 Samuel 16:14thematic

Establishes the origin of Saul's affliction by the evil spirit from God.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v192 Samuel 21:8thematic

Explicitly identifies Adriel the Meholathite as the husband of Saul's daughter, confirming the broken pledge.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v252 Samuel 3:14thematic

David later demands his wife Michal, mentioning the dowry of a hundred Philistine foreskins.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11 Samuel 20:17thematic

Highlights Jonathan's love for David, repeating that he loved him as his own soul.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v4Esther 6:8thematic

Illustrates the high Eastern honor of wearing clothing worn by the king or heir.

Supported by JFB

v6Judges 11:34thematic

Parallels the custom of women coming out with dances and tabrets to celebrate military victory.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v171 Samuel 17:25thematic

Saul's earlier unfulfilled public promise of giving his daughter to the slayer of Goliath.

Supported by JFB

v1Genesis 44:30allusion

Identical Hebrew idiom for souls being 'knit' or bound together in deep love.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v6Exodus 15:20thematic

Classic precedent of women leading triumphal dancing and singing after national deliverance.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v71 Samuel 21:11thematic

The Philistines quote this exact triumphal song, showing its widespread renown and impact.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v172 Samuel 11:15contrast

David later adopts Saul's wicked strategy: sending Uriah to the front to die by enemies.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v13Numbers 27:17thematic

The military/leadership idiom of 'going out and coming in' before the people.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v25Genesis 34:12thematic

Illustrates the ancient Near Eastern custom of a bride price or dowry (mohar).

Supported by JFB

v141 Samuel 18:5thematic

Reinforces the theme of David behaving himself wisely under all circumstances.

Supported by Matthew Henry