Deuteronomy 20ASV
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Deuteronomy20

American Standard Version · Public Domain

1When thou goest forth to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, thou shalt not be afraid of them; for Jehovah thy God is with thee, who brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.

2And it shall be, when ye draw nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people,

3and shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye draw nigh this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your heart faint; fear not, nor tremble, neither be ye affrighted at them;

4for Jehovah your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you.

5And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it.

6And what man is there that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not used the fruit thereof? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man use the fruit thereof.

7And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her.

8And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and faint-hearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren’s heart melt as his heart.

9And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people, that they shall appoint captains of hosts at the head of the people.

10When thou drawest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.

11And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that are found therein shall become tributary unto thee, and shall serve thee.

12And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:

13and when Jehovah thy God delivereth it into thy hand, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:

14but the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take for a prey unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which Jehovah thy God hath given thee.

15Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.

16But of the cities of these peoples, that Jehovah thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth;

17but thou shalt utterly destroy them: the Hittite, and the Amorite, the Canaanite, and the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite; as Jehovah thy God hath commanded thee;

18that they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so would ye sin against Jehovah your God.

19When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by wielding an axe against them; for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down; for is the tree of the field man, that it should be besieged of thee?

20Only the trees of which thou knowest that they are not trees for food, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it fall.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 20.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Exhortation and proclamation respecting those who went to war. (1–9). Peace to be offered, What cities were to be devoted. (10–20).

vv1-9

In the wars wherein Israel engaged according to the will of God, they might expect the Divine assistance. The Lord was to be their only confidence. In these respects they were types of the Christian's warfare. Those unwilling to fight, must be sent away. The unwillingness might arise from a man's outward condition. God would not be served by men forced against their will. Thy people shall be willing, Ps 110:3. In running the Christian race, and fighting the good fight of faith, we must lay aside all that would make us unwilling. If a man's unwillingness rose from weakness and fear, he had leave to return from the war. The reason here given is, lest his brethren's heart fail as well as his heart. We must take heed that we fear not with the fear of them that are afraid, Isa 8:12.

vv10-12

The Israelites are here directed about the nations on whom they made war. Let this show God's grace in dealing with sinners. He proclaims peace, and beseeches them to be reconciled. Let it also show us our duty in dealing with our brethren. Whoever are for war, we must be for peace. Of the cities given to Israel, none of their inhabitants must be left. Since it could not be expected that they should be cured of their idolatry, they would hurt Israel. These regulations are not the rules of our conduct, but Christ's law of love. The horrors of war must fill the feeling heart with anguish upon every recollection; and are proofs of the wickedness of man, the power of Satan, and the just vengeance of God, who thus scourges a guilty world. But how dreadful their case who are engaged in unequal conflict with their Maker, who will not submit to render him the easy tribute of worship and praise! Certain ruin awaits them. Let neither the number nor the power of the enemies of our souls dismay us; nor let even our own weakness cause us to tremble or to faint. The Lord will save us; but in this war let none engage whose hearts are fond of the world, or afraid of the cross and the conflict. Care is here taken that in besieging cities the fruit-trees should not be destroyed. God is a better friend to man than he is to himself; and God's law consults our interests and comforts; while our own appetites and passions, which we indulge, are enemies to our welfare. Many of the Divine precepts restrain us from destroying that which is for our life and food. The Jews understand this as forbidding all wilful waste upon any account whatsoever. Every creature of God is good; as nothing is to be refused, so nothing is to be abused. We may live to want what we carelessly waste.

Cross References

Deuteronomy 20
v1Psalms 20:7thematic

Direct contrast between trusting in worldly horses and chariots versus trusting in the Lord's name.

Supported by John Calvin

v2Numbers 10:9thematic

Establishes the duty of the priests to blow trumpets and minister before battle.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v8Judges 7:3thematic

Gideon implements this exact law, dismissing the fearful and fainthearted from the battle.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

v17Deuteronomy 7:1thematic

Identifies the specific Canaanite nations appointed for total destruction rather than peace.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v5Nehemiah 12:27thematic

Illustrates the practice of dedicating a new house with religious joy and thanksgiving.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Defines when a vineyard is 'common' or eaten, explaining the four-year delay.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Specifies the one-year marital exemption from military service for newly betrothed/married men.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v2Numbers 31:6thematic

Historical precedent of a priest going to war with holy instruments and trumpets.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Depicts God as leader with His priests sounding trumpets of alarm in battle.

Supported by JFB

v3Isaiah 8:12thematic

Prophetic exhortation echoing the command to not fear or tremble before worldly threats.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v6Jeremiah 31:5thematic

Verbal echo of planting vineyards and eating them as common fruit.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v7Luke 14:18-20thematic

Jesus references domestic exemptions (buying land, oxen, marrying) as excuses from His kingdom.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v11Joshua 11:20thematic

Illustrates how God hardened Canaanite hearts so they would not accept peace terms.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v16Deuteronomy 7:16thematic

Reinforces the command to consume the nations given as an inheritance without pity.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Warns against being ensnared by inquiring after the abominations of the destroyed nations.

Supported by Matthew Poole