Deuteronomy 19ASV
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Deuteronomy19

American Standard Version · Public Domain

1When Jehovah thy God shall cut off the nations, whose land Jehovah thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;

2thou shalt set apart three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which Jehovah thy God giveth thee to possess it.

3Thou shalt prepare thee the way, and divide the borders of thy land, which Jehovah thy God causeth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every manslayer may flee thither.

4And this is the case of the manslayer, that shall flee thither and live: whoso killeth his neighbor unawares, and hated him not in time past;

5as when a man goeth into the forest with his neighbor to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbor, so that he dieth; he shall flee unto one of these cities and live:

6lest the avenger of blood pursue the manslayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and smite him mortally; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.

7Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt set apart three cities for thee.

8And if Jehovah thy God enlarge thy border, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;

9if thou shalt keep all this commandment to do it, which I command thee this day, to love Jehovah thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, besides these three:

10that innocent blood be not shed in the midst of thy land, which Jehovah thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.

11But if any man hate his neighbor, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally so that he dieth, and he flee into one of these cities;

12then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.

13Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.

14Thou shalt not remove thy neighbor’s landmark, which they of old time have set, in thine inheritance which thou shalt inherit, in the land that Jehovah thy God giveth thee to possess it.

15One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall a matter be established.

16If an unrighteous witness rise up against any man to testify against him of wrong-doing,

17then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before Jehovah, before the priests and the judges that shall be in those days;

18and the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and have testified falsely against his brother;

19then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to do unto his brother: so shalt thou put away the evil from the midst of thee.

20And those that remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil in the midst of thee.

21And thine eyes shall not pity; life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 19.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The cities of refuge, The man-slayer, The murderer. (1–13). Landmarks not to be removed. (14). The punishment of false witnesses. (15–21).

vv1-13

Here is the law settled between the blood of the murdered, and the blood of the murderer; provision is made, that the cities of refuge should be a protection, so that a man should not die for that as a crime, which was not his willing act. In Christ, the Lord our Righteousness, refuge is provided for those who by faith flee unto him. But there is no refuge in Jesus Christ for presumptuous sinners, who go on still in their trespasses. Those who flee to Christ from their sins, shall be safe in him, but not those who expect to be sheltered by him in their sins.

v14

Direction is given to fix landmarks in Canaan. It is the will of God that every one should know his own; and that means should be used to hinder the doing and suffering of wrong. This, without doubt, is a moral precept, and still binding. Let every man be content with his own lot, and be just to his neighbours in all things.

vv15-21

Sentence should never be passed upon the testimony of one witness alone. A false witness should suffer the same punishment which he sought to have inflicted upon the person he accused. Nor could any law be more just. Let all Christians not only be cautious in bearing witness in public, but be careful not to join in private slanders; and let all whose consciences accuse them of crime, without delay flee for refuge to the hope set before them in Jesus Christ.

Cross References

Deuteronomy 19
v21Exodus 21:23-25thematic

Establishes the foundation of lex talionis (life for life, eye for eye) for civil justice.

Supported by JFB

v14Proverbs 22:28thematic

Expressly forbids removing ancient landmarks, reinforcing the permanence of ancestral property boundaries.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v14Job 24:2thematic

Condemns the wicked who remove landmarks, demonstrating the moral weight of this law.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v14Hosea 5:10thematic

Prophetic warning comparing the princes of Judah to those who remove landmarks.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v21Leviticus 24:20thematic

Direct law parallel for retribution of injuries, specifying eye for eye, tooth for tooth.

Supported by JFB

v2Numbers 35:14thematic

Specifies setting aside three cities beyond Jordan and three in Canaan.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Records Moses already setting apart the first three cities east of Jordan.

Supported by JFB

v2Joshua 20:2-7thematic

The historical fulfillment of setting apart the remaining three cities west of Jordan.

Supported by JFB

The original Abrahamic covenant promise regarding the full enlargement of Israel's borders.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v8Exodus 23:31thematic

Reiterates the promised enlargement of Israel's border to the River Euphrates.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v15Matthew 18:16thematic

Christ applies the two-or-three witnesses rule to church discipline.

Paul cites this law to establish judicial order in spiritual matters.

v11Exodus 21:12-14thematic

Contrasts accidental manslaughter with premeditated murder, where the killer is dragged from God's altar.

Pronounces a formal curse on anyone who removes their neighbor's landmark.

v15Hebrews 10:28thematic

Applies the witness rule to show the severity of rejecting Moses' law.