Deuteronomy 21ASV
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Deuteronomy21

American Standard Version · Public Domain

1If one be found slain in the land which Jehovah thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath smitten him;

2then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:

3and it shall be, that the city which is nearest unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take a heifer of the herd, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;

4and the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a valley with running water, which is neither plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer’s neck there in the valley.

5And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them Jehovah thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of Jehovah; and according to their word shall every controversy and every stroke be.

6And all the elders of that city, who are nearest unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley;

7and they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.

8Forgive, O Jehovah, thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and suffer not innocent blood to remain in the midst of thy people Israel. And the blood shall be forgiven them.

9So shalt thou put away the innocent blood from the midst of thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the eyes of Jehovah.

10When thou goest forth to battle against thine enemies, and Jehovah thy God delivereth them into thy hands, and thou carriest them away captive,

11and seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and thou hast a desire unto her, and wouldest take her to thee to wife;

12then thou shalt bring her home to thy house; and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;

13and she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thy house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.

14And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not deal with her as a slave, because thou hast humbled her.

15If a man have two wives, the one beloved, and the other hated, and they have borne him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the first-born son be hers that was hated;

16then it shall be, in the day that he causeth his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved the first-born before the son of the hated, who is the first-born:

17but he shall acknowledge the first-born, the son of the hated, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath; for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the first-born is his.

18If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, that will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and, though they chasten him, will not hearken unto them;

19then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;

20and they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.

21And all the men of his city shall stone him to death with stones: so shalt thou put away the evil from the midst of thee; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.

22And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree;

23his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt surely bury him the same day; for he that is hanged is accursed of God; that thou defile not thy land which Jehovah thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 21.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The expiation of uncertain murder. (1–9). Respecting a captive taken to wife. (10–14). The first-born not to be disinherited for private affection. (15–17). A stubborn son to be stoned. (18–21). Malefactors not to be left hanging all night. (22, 23).

vv1-9

If a murderer could not be found out, great solemnity is provided for putting away the guilt from the land, as an expression of dread and detesting of that sin. The providence of God has often wonderfully brought to light these hidden works of darkness, and the sin of the guilty has often strangely found them out. The dread of murder should be deeply impressed upon every heart, and all should join in detecting and punishing those who are guilty. The elders were to profess that they had not been any way aiding or abetting the sin. The priests were to pray to God for the country and nation, that God would be merciful. We must empty that measure by our prayers, which others are filling by their sins. All would be taught by this solemnity, to use the utmost care and diligence to prevent, discover, and punish murder. We may all learn from hence to take heed of partaking in other men's sins. And we have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, if we do not reprove them.

vv10-14

By this law a soldier was allowed to marry his captive, if he pleased. This might take place upon some occasions; but the law does not show any approval of it. It also intimates how binding the laws of justice and honour are in marriage; which is a sacred engagement.

vv15-17

This law restrains men from disinheriting their eldest sons without just cause. The principle in this case as to children, is still binding to parents; they must give children their right without partiality.

Cross References

Deuteronomy 21
v23Galatians 3:13fulfillment

Explicitly cites 'cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree' to show Christ bearing the law's curse.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v6Matthew 27:24allusion

Pilate washing his hands to declare innocence echoes the elders' ritual washing over the slain heifer.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v3Numbers 19:2thematic

Both rituals require a red heifer that has never borne a yoke, indicating dedication and purity.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v13Psalms 45:10allusion

Forget thy own people and father's house parallels the captive woman's month of mourning for her parents.

Supported by John Calvin

v171 Chronicles 5:1thematic

Reuben lost his birthright, which gave his double portion to Joseph, demonstrating rules of double portion inheritance.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v17Genesis 49:3thematic

Jacob defines the firstborn Reuben as 'the beginning of my strength,' using the same Hebrew legal phrase.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v8Jonah 1:14thematic

The sailors' plea 'lay not upon us innocent blood' matches the elders' expiation prayer for unsolved murder.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v15Genesis 29:30thematic

Jacob loving Rachel more than Leah is the classic historical case of the beloved and 'hated' wives.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v23Joshua 8:29thematic

Joshua takes down the king of Ai's body from the tree at sunset, fulfilling this civil statute.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v23Joshua 10:26thematic

Joshua's hanging of five kings and taking them down by evening directly conforms to the Deuteronomy law.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

Establishes the priestly tribe of Levi's authority to minister, bless in God's name, and decide controversies.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Command to purge the guilt of innocent blood from Israel to ensure the nation's welfare.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v14Exodus 21:7-11contrast

Protects maidservants/captives from commercial sale or mistreatment, emphasizing their human dignity when humbled.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v21Deuteronomy 17:5thematic

Stoning at the gates of the city was the standard punishment for high covenant rebellion.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v222 Samuel 21:9thematic

Hanging of Saul's descendants to expiate the blood guilt of the Gibeonites left on the land.

Supported by Matthew Poole