Deuteronomy21
New Living Translation
1“When you are in the land the Lord your God is giving you, someone may be found murdered in a field, and you don’t know who committed the murder.
2In such a case, your elders and judges must measure the distance from the site of the crime to the nearby towns.
3When the nearest town has been determined, that town’s elders must select from the herd a heifer that has never been trained or yoked to a plow.
4They must lead it down to a valley that has not been plowed or planted and that has a stream running through it. There in the valley they must break the heifer’s neck.
5Then the Levitical priests must step forward, for the Lord your God has chosen them to minister before him and to pronounce blessings in the Lord’s name. They are to decide all legal and criminal cases.
6“The elders of the town must wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken.
7Then they must say, ‘Our hands did not shed this person’s blood, nor did we see it happen.
8O Lord, forgive your people Israel whom you have redeemed. Do not charge your people with the guilt of murdering an innocent person.’ Then they will be absolved of the guilt of this person’s blood.
9By following these instructions, you will do what is right in the Lord’s sight and will cleanse the guilt of murder from your community.
10“Suppose you go out to war against your enemies and the Lord your God hands them over to you, and you take some of them as captives.
11And suppose you see among the captives a beautiful woman, and you are attracted to her and want to marry her.
12If this happens, you may take her to your home, where she must shave her head, cut her nails,
13and change the clothes she was wearing when she was captured. She will stay in your home, but let her mourn for her father and mother for a full month. Then you may marry her, and you will be her husband and she will be your wife.
14But if you marry her and she does not please you, you must let her go free. You may not sell her or treat her as a slave, for you have humiliated her.
15“Suppose a man has two wives, but he loves one and not the other, and both have given him sons. And suppose the firstborn son is the son of the wife he does not love.
16When the man divides his inheritance, he may not give the larger inheritance to his younger son, the son of the wife he loves, as if he were the firstborn son.
17He must recognize the rights of his oldest son, the son of the wife he does not love, by giving him a double portion. He is the first son of his father’s virility, and the rights of the firstborn belong to him.
18“Suppose a man has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey his father or mother, even though they discipline him.
19In such a case, the father and mother must take the son to the elders as they hold court at the town gate.
20The parents must say to the elders, ‘This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious and refuses to obey. He is a glutton and a drunkard.’
21Then all the men of his town must stone him to death. In this way, you will purge this evil from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid.
22“If someone has committed a crime worthy of death and is executed and hung on a tree,
23the body must not remain hanging from the tree overnight. You must bury the body that same day, for anyone who is hung is cursed in the sight of God. In this way, you will prevent the defilement of the land the Lord your God is giving you as your special possession.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 21.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The expiation of uncertain murder. (1–9). Respecting a captive taken to wife. (10–14). The first-born not to be disinherited for private affection. (15–17). A stubborn son to be stoned. (18–21). Malefactors not to be left hanging all night. (22, 23).
vv1-9
If a murderer could not be found out, great solemnity is provided for putting away the guilt from the land, as an expression of dread and detesting of that sin. The providence of God has often wonderfully brought to light these hidden works of darkness, and the sin of the guilty has often strangely found them out. The dread of murder should be deeply impressed upon every heart, and all should join in detecting and punishing those who are guilty. The elders were to profess that they had not been any way aiding or abetting the sin. The priests were to pray to God for the country and nation, that God would be merciful. We must empty that measure by our prayers, which others are filling by their sins. All would be taught by this solemnity, to use the utmost care and diligence to prevent, discover, and punish murder. We may all learn from hence to take heed of partaking in other men's sins. And we have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, if we do not reprove them.
vv10-14
By this law a soldier was allowed to marry his captive, if he pleased. This might take place upon some occasions; but the law does not show any approval of it. It also intimates how binding the laws of justice and honour are in marriage; which is a sacred engagement.
vv15-17
This law restrains men from disinheriting their eldest sons without just cause. The principle in this case as to children, is still binding to parents; they must give children their right without partiality.
Key Words
כִּי: (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
אֲדָמָה: soil (from its general redness)
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
אֱלֹהִים: gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative
נָתַן: to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
יָרַשׁ: to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place); by implication, to seize, to rob, to inherit; also to expel, to impoverish, to ruin
מָצָא: properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present
חָלָל: pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted
נָפַל: to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)
שָׂדֶה: a field (as flat)
Cross References
Deuteronomy 21Explicitly cites 'cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree' to show Christ bearing the law's curse.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Pilate washing his hands to declare innocence echoes the elders' ritual washing over the slain heifer.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Both rituals require a red heifer that has never borne a yoke, indicating dedication and purity.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Forget thy own people and father's house parallels the captive woman's month of mourning for her parents.
Supported by John Calvin
Reuben lost his birthright, which gave his double portion to Joseph, demonstrating rules of double portion inheritance.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Jacob defines the firstborn Reuben as 'the beginning of my strength,' using the same Hebrew legal phrase.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The sailors' plea 'lay not upon us innocent blood' matches the elders' expiation prayer for unsolved murder.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Jacob loving Rachel more than Leah is the classic historical case of the beloved and 'hated' wives.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Joshua takes down the king of Ai's body from the tree at sunset, fulfilling this civil statute.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Joshua's hanging of five kings and taking them down by evening directly conforms to the Deuteronomy law.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Establishes the priestly tribe of Levi's authority to minister, bless in God's name, and decide controversies.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Command to purge the guilt of innocent blood from Israel to ensure the nation's welfare.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Protects maidservants/captives from commercial sale or mistreatment, emphasizing their human dignity when humbled.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Stoning at the gates of the city was the standard punishment for high covenant rebellion.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Hanging of Saul's descendants to expiate the blood guilt of the Gibeonites left on the land.
Supported by Matthew Poole