Deuteronomy21
King James Version · Public Domain
1If one be found slain in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him:
2Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:
3And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;
4And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley:
5And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the Lord thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the Lord; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried:
6And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:
7And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.
8Be merciful, O Lord, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.
9So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the Lord.
10When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the Lord thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive,
11And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;
12Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house; and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;
13And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.
14And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.
15If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated:
16Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn:
17But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his.
18If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:
19Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;
20And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.
21And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.
22And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:
23His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 21.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The expiation of uncertain murder. (1–9). Respecting a captive taken to wife. (10–14). The first-born not to be disinherited for private affection. (15–17). A stubborn son to be stoned. (18–21). Malefactors not to be left hanging all night. (22, 23).
vv1-9
If a murderer could not be found out, great solemnity is provided for putting away the guilt from the land, as an expression of dread and detesting of that sin. The providence of God has often wonderfully brought to light these hidden works of darkness, and the sin of the guilty has often strangely found them out. The dread of murder should be deeply impressed upon every heart, and all should join in detecting and punishing those who are guilty. The elders were to profess that they had not been any way aiding or abetting the sin. The priests were to pray to God for the country and nation, that God would be merciful. We must empty that measure by our prayers, which others are filling by their sins. All would be taught by this solemnity, to use the utmost care and diligence to prevent, discover, and punish murder. We may all learn from hence to take heed of partaking in other men's sins. And we have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, if we do not reprove them.
vv10-14
By this law a soldier was allowed to marry his captive, if he pleased. This might take place upon some occasions; but the law does not show any approval of it. It also intimates how binding the laws of justice and honour are in marriage; which is a sacred engagement.
vv15-17
This law restrains men from disinheriting their eldest sons without just cause. The principle in this case as to children, is still binding to parents; they must give children their right without partiality.
Key Words
כִּי: (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
אֲדָמָה: soil (from its general redness)
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
אֱלֹהִים: gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative
נָתַן: to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
יָרַשׁ: to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place); by implication, to seize, to rob, to inherit; also to expel, to impoverish, to ruin
מָצָא: properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present
חָלָל: pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted
נָפַל: to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)
שָׂדֶה: a field (as flat)
Cross References
Deuteronomy 21Explicitly cites 'cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree' to show Christ bearing the law's curse.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Pilate washing his hands to declare innocence echoes the elders' ritual washing over the slain heifer.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Both rituals require a red heifer that has never borne a yoke, indicating dedication and purity.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Forget thy own people and father's house parallels the captive woman's month of mourning for her parents.
Supported by John Calvin
Reuben lost his birthright, which gave his double portion to Joseph, demonstrating rules of double portion inheritance.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Jacob defines the firstborn Reuben as 'the beginning of my strength,' using the same Hebrew legal phrase.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The sailors' plea 'lay not upon us innocent blood' matches the elders' expiation prayer for unsolved murder.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Jacob loving Rachel more than Leah is the classic historical case of the beloved and 'hated' wives.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Joshua takes down the king of Ai's body from the tree at sunset, fulfilling this civil statute.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Joshua's hanging of five kings and taking them down by evening directly conforms to the Deuteronomy law.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Establishes the priestly tribe of Levi's authority to minister, bless in God's name, and decide controversies.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Command to purge the guilt of innocent blood from Israel to ensure the nation's welfare.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Protects maidservants/captives from commercial sale or mistreatment, emphasizing their human dignity when humbled.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Stoning at the gates of the city was the standard punishment for high covenant rebellion.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Hanging of Saul's descendants to expiate the blood guilt of the Gibeonites left on the land.
Supported by Matthew Poole