Deuteronomy21
English Standard Version
1 in the the Lord your is you to someone is , in the open , and it is who him,
2then your and your shall , and they shall measure the the .
3And the elders of the that is to the a has been and has in a .
4And the of that shall the to a with , is , and shall the in the .
5Then the , the of , shall , for the Lord your has them to to him and to in the of the Lord, and their and shall be settled.
6And the of that to the shall their the whose neck was in the ,
7and they shall , Our did , did our it shed.
8Accept , O Lord, for your , you have , and do the of in the of your , so that their blood be for.
9So you shall the guilt of from your , you what is in the of the Lord.
10 you to your , and the Lord your them into your and you them ,
11and you among the a , and you to her to be your ,
12and you her to your , she shall her and her .
13And she shall take the in which she was and shall in your and her and her a . you may to her and be her , and she shall be your .
14But you in her, you shall let her where she . But you shall for , shall you treat her as a , you have .
15 a has , the and the , and both the and the have him , and if the belongs to the ,
16then on the when he assigns his possessions as an to his , treat the of the as the in to the of the , who is the ,
17 he shall the , the of the , by him a of that he , he is the of his . The of the is his.
18 a has a and who will the of his or the of his , and, though they him, will to them,
19then his and his shall of him and to the of his at the of the where he lives,
20and they shall to the of his , our is and ; he will our ; he is a and a .
21Then the of the shall him to with . So you shall the from your , and shall , and .
22And a has committed a by and he is , and you him a ,
23his shall remain all the , him the same , for a is by . You shall your the Lord your is you for an .
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 21.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The expiation of uncertain murder. (1–9). Respecting a captive taken to wife. (10–14). The first-born not to be disinherited for private affection. (15–17). A stubborn son to be stoned. (18–21). Malefactors not to be left hanging all night. (22, 23).
vv1-9
If a murderer could not be found out, great solemnity is provided for putting away the guilt from the land, as an expression of dread and detesting of that sin. The providence of God has often wonderfully brought to light these hidden works of darkness, and the sin of the guilty has often strangely found them out. The dread of murder should be deeply impressed upon every heart, and all should join in detecting and punishing those who are guilty. The elders were to profess that they had not been any way aiding or abetting the sin. The priests were to pray to God for the country and nation, that God would be merciful. We must empty that measure by our prayers, which others are filling by their sins. All would be taught by this solemnity, to use the utmost care and diligence to prevent, discover, and punish murder. We may all learn from hence to take heed of partaking in other men's sins. And we have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, if we do not reprove them.
vv10-14
By this law a soldier was allowed to marry his captive, if he pleased. This might take place upon some occasions; but the law does not show any approval of it. It also intimates how binding the laws of justice and honour are in marriage; which is a sacred engagement.
vv15-17
This law restrains men from disinheriting their eldest sons without just cause. The principle in this case as to children, is still binding to parents; they must give children their right without partiality.
Key Words
כִּי: (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
אֲדָמָה: soil (from its general redness)
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
אֱלֹהִים: gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative
נָתַן: to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
יָרַשׁ: to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place); by implication, to seize, to rob, to inherit; also to expel, to impoverish, to ruin
מָצָא: properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present
חָלָל: pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted
נָפַל: to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)
שָׂדֶה: a field (as flat)
Cross References
Deuteronomy 21Explicitly cites 'cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree' to show Christ bearing the law's curse.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Pilate washing his hands to declare innocence echoes the elders' ritual washing over the slain heifer.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Both rituals require a red heifer that has never borne a yoke, indicating dedication and purity.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Forget thy own people and father's house parallels the captive woman's month of mourning for her parents.
Supported by John Calvin
Reuben lost his birthright, which gave his double portion to Joseph, demonstrating rules of double portion inheritance.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Jacob defines the firstborn Reuben as 'the beginning of my strength,' using the same Hebrew legal phrase.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The sailors' plea 'lay not upon us innocent blood' matches the elders' expiation prayer for unsolved murder.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Jacob loving Rachel more than Leah is the classic historical case of the beloved and 'hated' wives.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Joshua takes down the king of Ai's body from the tree at sunset, fulfilling this civil statute.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Joshua's hanging of five kings and taking them down by evening directly conforms to the Deuteronomy law.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Establishes the priestly tribe of Levi's authority to minister, bless in God's name, and decide controversies.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Command to purge the guilt of innocent blood from Israel to ensure the nation's welfare.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Protects maidservants/captives from commercial sale or mistreatment, emphasizing their human dignity when humbled.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Stoning at the gates of the city was the standard punishment for high covenant rebellion.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Hanging of Saul's descendants to expiate the blood guilt of the Gibeonites left on the land.
Supported by Matthew Poole