Deuteronomy 21WEB
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Deuteronomy21

World English Bible · Public Domain

1If someone is found slain in the land which Yahweh your God gives you to possess, lying in the field, and it isn’t known who has struck him,

2then your elders and your judges shall come out, and they shall measure to the cities which are around him who is slain.

3It shall be that the elders of the city which is nearest to the slain man shall take a heifer of the herd, which hasn’t been worked with and which has not drawn in the yoke.

4The elders of that city shall bring the heifer down to a valley with running water, which is neither plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer’s neck there in the valley.

5The priests the sons of Levi shall come near, for them Yahweh your God has chosen to minister to him, and to bless in Yahweh’s name; and according to their word shall every controversy and every assault be decided.

6All the elders of that city which is nearest to the slain man shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley.

7They shall answer and say, “Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.

8Forgive, Yahweh, your people Israel, whom you have redeemed, and don’t allow innocent blood among your people Israel.” The blood shall be forgiven them.

9So you shall put away the innocent blood from among you, when you shall do that which is right in Yahweh’s eyes.

10When you go out to battle against your enemies, and Yahweh your God delivers them into your hands and you carry them away captive,

11and see among the captives a beautiful woman, and you are attracted to her, and desire to take her as your wife,

12then you shall bring her home to your house. She shall shave her head and trim her nails.

13She shall take off the clothing of her captivity, and shall remain in your house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month. After that you shall go in to her and be her husband, and she shall be your wife.

14It shall be, if you have no delight in her, then you shall let her go where she desires; but you shall not sell her at all for money. You shall not deal with her as a slave, because you have humbled her.

15If a man has two wives, the one beloved and the other hated, and they have borne him children, both the beloved and the hated, and if the firstborn son is hers who was hated,

16then it shall be, in the day that he causes his sons to inherit that which he has, that he may not give the son of the beloved the rights of the firstborn before the son of the hated, who is the firstborn;

17but he shall acknowledge the firstborn, the son of the hated, by giving him a double portion of all that he has; for he is the beginning of his strength. The right of the firstborn is his.

18If a man has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and though they chasten him, will not listen to them,

19then his father and his mother shall take hold of him and bring him out to the elders of his city and to the gate of his place.

20They shall tell the elders of his city, “This our son is stubborn and rebellious. He will not obey our voice. He is a glutton and a drunkard.”

21All the men of his city shall stone him to death with stones. So you shall remove the evil from among you. All Israel shall hear, and fear.

22If a man has committed a sin worthy of death, and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree,

23his body shall not remain all night on the tree, but you shall surely bury him the same day; for he who is hanged is accursed of God. Don’t defile your land which Yahweh your God gives you for an inheritance.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 21.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The expiation of uncertain murder. (1–9). Respecting a captive taken to wife. (10–14). The first-born not to be disinherited for private affection. (15–17). A stubborn son to be stoned. (18–21). Malefactors not to be left hanging all night. (22, 23).

vv1-9

If a murderer could not be found out, great solemnity is provided for putting away the guilt from the land, as an expression of dread and detesting of that sin. The providence of God has often wonderfully brought to light these hidden works of darkness, and the sin of the guilty has often strangely found them out. The dread of murder should be deeply impressed upon every heart, and all should join in detecting and punishing those who are guilty. The elders were to profess that they had not been any way aiding or abetting the sin. The priests were to pray to God for the country and nation, that God would be merciful. We must empty that measure by our prayers, which others are filling by their sins. All would be taught by this solemnity, to use the utmost care and diligence to prevent, discover, and punish murder. We may all learn from hence to take heed of partaking in other men's sins. And we have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, if we do not reprove them.

vv10-14

By this law a soldier was allowed to marry his captive, if he pleased. This might take place upon some occasions; but the law does not show any approval of it. It also intimates how binding the laws of justice and honour are in marriage; which is a sacred engagement.

vv15-17

This law restrains men from disinheriting their eldest sons without just cause. The principle in this case as to children, is still binding to parents; they must give children their right without partiality.

Cross References

Deuteronomy 21
v23Galatians 3:13fulfillment

Explicitly cites 'cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree' to show Christ bearing the law's curse.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v6Matthew 27:24allusion

Pilate washing his hands to declare innocence echoes the elders' ritual washing over the slain heifer.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v3Numbers 19:2thematic

Both rituals require a red heifer that has never borne a yoke, indicating dedication and purity.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v13Psalms 45:10allusion

Forget thy own people and father's house parallels the captive woman's month of mourning for her parents.

Supported by John Calvin

v171 Chronicles 5:1thematic

Reuben lost his birthright, which gave his double portion to Joseph, demonstrating rules of double portion inheritance.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v17Genesis 49:3thematic

Jacob defines the firstborn Reuben as 'the beginning of my strength,' using the same Hebrew legal phrase.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v8Jonah 1:14thematic

The sailors' plea 'lay not upon us innocent blood' matches the elders' expiation prayer for unsolved murder.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v15Genesis 29:30thematic

Jacob loving Rachel more than Leah is the classic historical case of the beloved and 'hated' wives.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v23Joshua 8:29thematic

Joshua takes down the king of Ai's body from the tree at sunset, fulfilling this civil statute.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v23Joshua 10:26thematic

Joshua's hanging of five kings and taking them down by evening directly conforms to the Deuteronomy law.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

Establishes the priestly tribe of Levi's authority to minister, bless in God's name, and decide controversies.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Command to purge the guilt of innocent blood from Israel to ensure the nation's welfare.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v14Exodus 21:7-11contrast

Protects maidservants/captives from commercial sale or mistreatment, emphasizing their human dignity when humbled.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v21Deuteronomy 17:5thematic

Stoning at the gates of the city was the standard punishment for high covenant rebellion.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v222 Samuel 21:9thematic

Hanging of Saul's descendants to expiate the blood guilt of the Gibeonites left on the land.

Supported by Matthew Poole