Deuteronomy 21NASB
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Deuteronomy21

New American Standard

1“If a person who has been killed by someone is found lying in the open country in the land which the Lord your God is giving you to possess, and it is not known who struck him,

2then your elders and your judges shall go out and measure the distance to the cities which are around the one who was killed.

3And it shall be that the city which is nearest to the person killed, that is, that the elders of that city shall take a heifer of the herd that has not been worked and has not pulled in a yoke;

4and the elders of that city shall bring the heifer down to a valley with running water, which has not been plowed or sown, and they shall break the heifer’s neck there in the valley.

5Then the priests, the sons of Levi, shall come forward, because the Lord your God has chosen them to serve Him and to bless in the name of the Lord; and every dispute and violent crime shall be settled by them.

6And all the elders of that city which is nearest to the person killed shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley;

7and they shall respond and say, ‘Our hands did not shed this blood, nor did our eyes see who did.

8Forgive Your people Israel whom You have redeemed, Lord, and do not place the guilt for innocent blood in the midst of Your people Israel.’ And the guilt for bloodshed shall be forgiven them.

9So you shall remove the guilt for innocent blood from your midst, when you do what is right in the eyes of the Lord.

10“When you go out to battle against your enemies, and the Lord your God hands them over to you and you take them away captive,

11and you see among the captives a beautiful woman, and are strongly attracted to her and would take her as a wife for yourself,

12then you shall bring her into your home, and she shall shave her head and trim her nails.

13She shall also remove the clothes of her captivity and shall remain in your house, and weep for her father and mother a full month; and after that you may have relations with her and become her husband and she shall be your wife.

14But it shall be, if you are not pleased with her, then you shall let her go wherever she wishes; and you certainly shall not sell her for money, you shall not treat her as merchandise, since you have humiliated her.

15“If a man has two wives, the one loved and the other unloved, and both the loved and the unloved have borne him sons, and the firstborn son belongs to the unloved,

16then it shall be on the day that he wills what he owns as an inheritance to his sons, he is not allowed to treat the son of the loved wife as the firstborn, at the expense of the son of the unloved, who actually is the firstborn son.

17On the contrary, he shall acknowledge the firstborn, the son of the unloved wife, by giving him a double portion of everything that he owns, for he was the beginning of his strength; to him belongs the right of the firstborn.

18“If any person has a stubborn and rebellious son who does not obey his father or his mother, and when they discipline him, he does not listen to them,

19then his father and mother shall seize him, and bring him out to the elders of his city at the gateway of his hometown.

20And they shall say to the elders of his city, ‘This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious; he does not obey us, he is thoughtless and given to drinking.’

21Then all the men of his city shall stone him to death; so you shall eliminate the evil from your midst, and all Israel will hear about it and fear.

22“Now if a person has committed a sin carrying a sentence of death and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree,

23his body is not to be left overnight on the tree, but you shall certainly bury him on the same day (for he who is hanged is cursed of God), so that you do not defile your land which the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 21.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The expiation of uncertain murder. (1–9). Respecting a captive taken to wife. (10–14). The first-born not to be disinherited for private affection. (15–17). A stubborn son to be stoned. (18–21). Malefactors not to be left hanging all night. (22, 23).

vv1-9

If a murderer could not be found out, great solemnity is provided for putting away the guilt from the land, as an expression of dread and detesting of that sin. The providence of God has often wonderfully brought to light these hidden works of darkness, and the sin of the guilty has often strangely found them out. The dread of murder should be deeply impressed upon every heart, and all should join in detecting and punishing those who are guilty. The elders were to profess that they had not been any way aiding or abetting the sin. The priests were to pray to God for the country and nation, that God would be merciful. We must empty that measure by our prayers, which others are filling by their sins. All would be taught by this solemnity, to use the utmost care and diligence to prevent, discover, and punish murder. We may all learn from hence to take heed of partaking in other men's sins. And we have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, if we do not reprove them.

vv10-14

By this law a soldier was allowed to marry his captive, if he pleased. This might take place upon some occasions; but the law does not show any approval of it. It also intimates how binding the laws of justice and honour are in marriage; which is a sacred engagement.

vv15-17

This law restrains men from disinheriting their eldest sons without just cause. The principle in this case as to children, is still binding to parents; they must give children their right without partiality.

Cross References

Deuteronomy 21
v23Galatians 3:13fulfillment

Explicitly cites 'cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree' to show Christ bearing the law's curse.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v6Matthew 27:24allusion

Pilate washing his hands to declare innocence echoes the elders' ritual washing over the slain heifer.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v3Numbers 19:2thematic

Both rituals require a red heifer that has never borne a yoke, indicating dedication and purity.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v13Psalms 45:10allusion

Forget thy own people and father's house parallels the captive woman's month of mourning for her parents.

Supported by John Calvin

v171 Chronicles 5:1thematic

Reuben lost his birthright, which gave his double portion to Joseph, demonstrating rules of double portion inheritance.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v17Genesis 49:3thematic

Jacob defines the firstborn Reuben as 'the beginning of my strength,' using the same Hebrew legal phrase.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v8Jonah 1:14thematic

The sailors' plea 'lay not upon us innocent blood' matches the elders' expiation prayer for unsolved murder.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v15Genesis 29:30thematic

Jacob loving Rachel more than Leah is the classic historical case of the beloved and 'hated' wives.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v23Joshua 8:29thematic

Joshua takes down the king of Ai's body from the tree at sunset, fulfilling this civil statute.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v23Joshua 10:26thematic

Joshua's hanging of five kings and taking them down by evening directly conforms to the Deuteronomy law.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

Establishes the priestly tribe of Levi's authority to minister, bless in God's name, and decide controversies.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Command to purge the guilt of innocent blood from Israel to ensure the nation's welfare.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v14Exodus 21:7-11contrast

Protects maidservants/captives from commercial sale or mistreatment, emphasizing their human dignity when humbled.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v21Deuteronomy 17:5thematic

Stoning at the gates of the city was the standard punishment for high covenant rebellion.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v222 Samuel 21:9thematic

Hanging of Saul's descendants to expiate the blood guilt of the Gibeonites left on the land.

Supported by Matthew Poole