Genesis 31NASB
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Genesis31

New American Standard

1Now Jacob heard the words of Laban’s sons, saying, “Jacob has taken away all that was our father’s, and from what belonged to our father he has made all this wealth.”

2And Jacob saw the attitude of Laban, and behold, it was not friendly toward him as it had been before.

3Then the Lord said to Jacob, “Return to the land of your fathers and to your relatives, and I will be with you.”

4So Jacob sent word and called Rachel and Leah to his flock in the field,

5and said to them, “I see your father’s attitude, that it is not friendly toward me as it was before, but the God of my father has been with me.

6You know that I have served your father with all my strength.

7Yet your father has cheated me and changed my wages ten times; however, God did not allow him to do me harm.

8If he said this: ‘The speckled shall be your wages,’ then all the flock delivered speckled; and if he said this: ‘The striped shall be your wages,’ then all the flock delivered striped.

9So God has taken away your father’s livestock and given them to me.

10And it came about at the time when the flock was breeding that I raised my eyes and saw in a dream—and behold—the male goats that were mating were striped, speckled, or mottled.

11Then the angel of God said to me in the dream, ‘Jacob’; and I said, ‘Here I am.’

12He said, ‘Now raise your eyes and see that all the male goats that are mating are striped, speckled, or mottled; for I have seen everything that Laban has been doing to you.

13I am the God of Bethel, where you anointed a memorial stone, where you made a vow to Me; now arise, leave this land, and return to the land of your birth.’”

14Rachel and Leah said to him, “Do we still have any share or inheritance in our father’s house?

15Are we not regarded by him as foreigners? For he has sold us, and has also entirely consumed our purchase price.

16Surely all the wealth which God has taken away from our father belongs to us and our children; now then, do whatever God has told you.”

17Then Jacob stood up and put his children and his wives on camels;

18and he drove away all his livestock and all his property which he had acquired, the livestock he possessed which he had acquired in Paddan-aram, to go to the land of Canaan to his father Isaac.

19Laban had gone to shear his flock, and Rachel stole the household idols that were her father’s.

20And Jacob deceived Laban the Aramean by not telling him that he was fleeing.

21So he fled with all that he had; and he got up and crossed the Euphrates River, and set out for the hill country of Gilead.

22When Laban was informed on the third day that Jacob had fled,

23he took his kinsmen with him and pursued him a distance of seven days’ journey, and he overtook him in the hill country of Gilead.

24However, God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream of the night and said to him, “Be careful that you do not speak to Jacob either good or bad.”

25And Laban caught up with Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the hill country, and Laban with his kinsmen camped in the hill country of Gilead.

26Then Laban said to Jacob, “What have you done by deceiving me and carrying away my daughters like captives of the sword?

27Why did you flee secretly and deceive me, and did not tell me, so that I might have sent you away with joy and with songs, with tambourine and with lyre;

28and did not allow me to kiss my grandchildren and my daughters? Now you have done foolishly.

29It is in my power to do you harm, but the God of your father spoke to me last night, saying, ‘Be careful not to speak either good or bad to Jacob.’

30Now you have indeed gone away because you longed greatly for your father’s house; but why did you steal my gods?”

31Then Jacob replied to Laban, “Because I was afraid, for I thought that you would take your daughters from me by force.

32The one with whom you find your gods shall not live; in the presence of our relatives point out what is yours among my belongings and take it for yourself.” Now Jacob did not know that Rachel had stolen them.

33So Laban went into Jacob’s tent, and into Leah’s tent, and into the tent of the two slave women, but he did not find them. Then he went out of Leah’s tent and entered Rachel’s tent.

34Now Rachel had taken the household idols and put them in the camel’s saddlebag, and she sat on them. So Laban searched through all the tent, but did not find them.

35And she said to her father, “May my lord not be angry that I cannot stand in your presence, because the way of women is upon me.” So he searched but did not find the household idols.

36Then Jacob became angry and argued with Laban; and Jacob said to Laban, “What is my offense? What is my sin that you have hotly pursued me?

37Though you have searched through all my property, what have you found of all your household property? Set it here in front of my relatives and your relatives, so that they may decide between the two of us.

38For these twenty years I have been with you; your ewes and your female goats have not miscarried, nor have I eaten the rams of your flocks.

39I did not even bring to you that which was torn by wild animals; I took the loss myself. You demanded it of my hand whether stolen by day or stolen by night.

40This is how I was: by day the heat consumed me and the frost by night, and my sleep fled from my eyes.

41For these twenty years I have been in your house; I served you fourteen years for your two daughters, and six years for your flock, and you changed my wages ten times.

42If the God of my father, the God of Abraham and the fear of Isaac, had not been for me, surely now you would have sent me away empty-handed. God has seen my affliction and the labor of my hands, so He rendered judgment last night.”

43Then Laban replied to Jacob, “The daughters are my daughters, the children are my grandchildren, the flocks are my flocks, and everything that you see is mine. But what can I do this day to these daughters of mine or to their children to whom they have given birth?

44So now come, let’s make a covenant, you and I, and it shall be a witness between you and me.”

45Then Jacob took a stone and set it up as a memorial stone.

46Jacob said to his relatives, “Gather stones.” So they took stones and made a heap, and they ate there by the heap.

47Now Laban called it Jegar-sahadutha, but Jacob called it Galeed.

48Laban said, “This heap is a witness between you and me this day.” Therefore it was named Galeed,

49and Mizpah, for he said, “May the Lord keep watch between you and me when we are absent one from the other.

50If you mistreat my daughters, or if you take wives besides my daughters, although no one is with us, see, God is witness between you and me.”

51Laban also said to Jacob, “Behold this heap and behold the memorial stone which I have set between you and me.

52This heap is a witness, and the memorial stone is a witness, that I will not pass by this heap to you for harm, and you will not pass by this heap and this memorial stone to me, for harm.

53The God of Abraham and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge between us.” So Jacob swore by the fear of his father Isaac.

54Then Jacob offered a sacrifice on the mountain, and called his relatives to the meal; and they ate the meal and spent the night on the mountain.

55Then early in the morning Laban got up, and kissed his grandchildren and his daughters and blessed them. Then Laban departed and returned to his place.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 31.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Jacob departs secretly. (1–21). Laban pursues Jacob. (23–35). Jacob's complaint of Laban's conduct. (36–42). Their covenant at Galeed. (43–55).

vv1-21

The affairs of these families are related very minutely, while (what are called) the great events of states and kingdoms at that period, are not mentioned. The Bible teaches people the common duties of life, how to serve God, how to enjoy the blessings he bestows, and to do good in the various stations and duties of life. Selfish men consider themselves robbed of all that goes past them, and covetousness will even swallow up natural affection. Men's overvaluing worldly wealth is that error which is the root of covetousness, envy, and all evil. The men of the world stand in each other's way, and every one seems to be taking away from the rest; hence discontent, envy, and discord. But there are possessions that will suffice for all; happy they who seek them in the first place. In all our removals we should have respect to the command and promise of God. If He be with us, we need not fear. The perils which surround us are so many, that nothing else can really encourage our hearts. To remember favoured seasons of communion with God, is very refreshing when in difficulties; and we should often recollect our vows, that we fail not to fulfil them.

vv22-35

God can put a bridle in the mouth of wicked men, to restrain their malice, though he do not change their hearts. Though they have no love to God's people, they will pretend to it, and try to make a merit of necessity. Foolish Laban! to call those things his gods which could be stolen! Enemies may steal our goods, but not our God. Here Laban lays to Jacob's charge things that he knew not. Those who commit their cause to God, are not forbidden to plead it themselves with meekness and fear. When we read of Rachel's stealing her father's images, what a scene of iniquity opens! The family of Nahor, who left the idolatrous Chaldees; is this family itself become idolatrous? It is even so. The truth seems to be, that they were like some in after-times, who sware by the Lord and by Malcham, Zep 1:5; and like others in our times, who wish to serve both God and mammon. Great numbers will acknowledge the true God in words, but their hearts and houses are the abodes of spiritual idolatry. When a man gives himself up to covetousness, like Laban, the world is his god; and he has only to reside among gross idolaters in order to become one, or at least a favourer of their abominations.

vv36-42

If Jacob were willingly consumed with heat in the day, and frost by night, to become the son-in-law of Laban, what should we refuse to endure, to become the sons of God? Jacob speaks of God as the God of his father; he thought himself unworthy to be regarded, but was beloved for his father's sake. He calls him the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac; for Abraham was dead, and gone to that world where perfect love casts out fear; but Isaac was yet alive, sanctifying the Lord in his heart, as his fear and his dread.

Cross References

Genesis 31
v13Genesis 28:13allusion

The God of Bethel recalls his initial appearance and covenant promises to Jacob in Gen 28.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v41Genesis 31:7thematic

Jacob reiterates the change of his wages ten times, mirroring his earlier complaint in verse 7.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v3Genesis 28:15fulfillment

Fulfills the promise made at Bethel that God would bring Jacob back to this land.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v13Genesis 28:18allusion

Direct reference to Jacob setting up and anointing the stone pillar at Bethel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v13Genesis 28:20allusion

Direct reference to the vow Jacob made to God at Bethel when fleeing Esau.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v30Genesis 31:19thematic

Explains what Laban means by "my gods," referring to the teraphim Rachel had secretly stolen.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v32Genesis 44:9-12thematic

Narrative parallel where a patriarch unwittingly pronounces a death sentence over a loved one for a hidden item.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v39Exodus 22:10contrast

Highlights Laban's injustice; under later Mosaic law, shepherds were not liable for beasts torn by predators.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v42Genesis 31:24thematic

Refers to God's direct intervention yesternight when He warned Laban not to harm Jacob.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB

v45Genesis 28:18-22thematic

Jacob setting up a stone pillar here echoes his previous action and vow at Bethel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v1Psalms 49:16thematic

Parallels the use of 'glory' to describe the prideful accumulation of worldly wealth.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v1Genesis 45:13thematic

Biblical usage where 'glory' refers to physical wealth and earthly prosperity.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Jacob later details the intense, loyal labor he refers to here.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v7Numbers 14:22thematic

Idiomatic use of 'ten times' to denote an indefinite, frequent number.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v7Job 19:3thematic

Another instance of 'ten times' meaning repeatedly or many times.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v7Leviticus 26:26thematic

Scriptural idiom where 'ten' indicates a completed or frequent number.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Contrast with parents who ought to lay up for children, whereas Laban devoured theirs.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v19Genesis 31:30thematic

Identifies the stolen images specifically as Laban's household 'gods'.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v29Genesis 31:42thematic

Later reference in the same discourse confirming God's protection of Jacob from Laban's power.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v30Judges 18:24thematic

Echoes Laban's absurd distress over stolen man-made deities, later repeated by Micah.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v40Hosea 12:12thematic

Prophetic summary of Jacob's flight and grueling, faithful shepherd service in Syria.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v41Hosea 12:12thematic

Hosea recounts Jacob's long, hard service for a wife in Syria.

Supported by John Calvin

v42Genesis 31:53thematic

Verbal link to the title 'the fear of Isaac' by which Jacob swears.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v44Genesis 21:22-32thematic

Parallels Abraham making a covenant of peace and mutual boundary respect with Abimelech.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v44Genesis 26:28-31thematic

Parallels Isaac's covenant with Abimelech, sealed with an oath and a shared meal.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v53Genesis 11:31thematic

Laban invokes Nahor's father (Terah), referencing the family's Mesopotamian origin before Abraham's call.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

Illustrates how right work and success draw the painful envy of neighbors.

Supported by JFB

v8Genesis 30:32thematic

Refers back to the original breeding agreement made between Jacob and Laban.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v19Hosea 3:4thematic

Connects the 'images' (teraphim) Rachel stole to illicit household idolatrous consultation.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v35Leviticus 15:19thematic

Provides the ceremonial and physical context for Rachel's excuse of the "custom of women."

Supported by Matthew Poole

v39John 10:12contrast

Jacob's sacrificial shepherd care contrasts sharply with the hireling who flees and neglects the flock.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

Illuminates Laban's unjust intent to send Jacob away empty, forbidden in later law.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v44Joshua 24:27thematic

A stone set up as a physical witness to hear and testify of a covenant.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v50Malachi 2:14thematic

God invoked as a witness between a husband and the wife of his youth.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v53Joshua 24:2contrast

Highlights the idolatrous background of Laban's line (Terah's family serving other gods).

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v55Genesis 31:28thematic

Fulfills Laban's earlier stated desire to kiss his daughters and grandchildren before parting.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB