Genesis 31NIV
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Genesis31

New International Version

1Jacob heard that Laban’s sons were saying, “Jacob has taken everything our father owned and has gained all this wealth from what belonged to our father.”

2And Jacob noticed that Laban’s attitude toward him was not what it had been.

3Then the Lord said to Jacob, “Go back to the land of your fathers and to your relatives, and I will be with you.”

4So Jacob sent word to Rachel and Leah to come out to the fields where his flocks were.

5He said to them, “I see that your father’s attitude toward me is not what it was before, but the God of my father has been with me.

6You know that I’ve worked for your father with all my strength,

7yet your father has cheated me by changing my wages ten times. However, God has not allowed him to harm me.

8If he said, ‘The speckled ones will be your wages,’ then all the flocks gave birth to speckled young; and if he said, ‘The streaked ones will be your wages,’ then all the flocks bore streaked young.

9So God has taken away your father’s livestock and has given them to me.

10“In breeding season I once had a dream in which I looked up and saw that the male goats mating with the flock were streaked, speckled or spotted.

11The angel of God said to me in the dream, ‘Jacob.’ I answered, ‘Here I am.’

12And he said, ‘Look up and see that all the male goats mating with the flock are streaked, speckled or spotted, for I have seen all that Laban has been doing to you.

13I am the God of Bethel, where you anointed a pillar and where you made a vow to me. Now leave this land at once and go back to your native land.’”

14Then Rachel and Leah replied, “Do we still have any share in the inheritance of our father’s estate?

15Does he not regard us as foreigners? Not only has he sold us, but he has used up what was paid for us.

16Surely all the wealth that God took away from our father belongs to us and our children. So do whatever God has told you.”

17Then Jacob put his children and his wives on camels,

18and he drove all his livestock ahead of him, along with all the goods he had accumulated in Paddan Aram, to go to his father Isaac in the land of Canaan.

19When Laban had gone to shear his sheep, Rachel stole her father’s household gods.

20Moreover, Jacob deceived Laban the Aramean by not telling him he was running away.

21So he fled with all he had, crossed the Euphrates River, and headed for the hill country of Gilead.

22On the third day Laban was told that Jacob had fled.

23Taking his relatives with him, he pursued Jacob for seven days and caught up with him in the hill country of Gilead.

24Then God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream at night and said to him, “Be careful not to say anything to Jacob, either good or bad.”

25Jacob had pitched his tent in the hill country of Gilead when Laban overtook him, and Laban and his relatives camped there too.

26Then Laban said to Jacob, “What have you done? You’ve deceived me, and you’ve carried off my daughters like captives in war.

27Why did you run off secretly and deceive me? Why didn’t you tell me, so I could send you away with joy and singing to the music of timbrels and harps?

28You didn’t even let me kiss my grandchildren and my daughters goodbye. You have done a foolish thing.

29I have the power to harm you; but last night the God of your father said to me, ‘Be careful not to say anything to Jacob, either good or bad.’

30Now you have gone off because you longed to return to your father’s household. But why did you steal my gods?”

31Jacob answered Laban, “I was afraid, because I thought you would take your daughters away from me by force.

32But if you find anyone who has your gods, that person shall not live. In the presence of our relatives, see for yourself whether there is anything of yours here with me; and if so, take it.” Now Jacob did not know that Rachel had stolen the gods.

33So Laban went into Jacob’s tent and into Leah’s tent and into the tent of the two female servants, but he found nothing. After he came out of Leah’s tent, he entered Rachel’s tent.

34Now Rachel had taken the household gods and put them inside her camel’s saddle and was sitting on them. Laban searched through everything in the tent but found nothing.

35Rachel said to her father, “Don’t be angry, my lord, that I cannot stand up in your presence; I’m having my period.” So he searched but could not find the household gods.

36Jacob was angry and took Laban to task. “What is my crime?” he asked Laban. “How have I wronged you that you hunt me down?

37Now that you have searched through all my goods, what have you found that belongs to your household? Put it here in front of your relatives and mine, and let them judge between the two of us.

38“I have been with you for twenty years now. Your sheep and goats have not miscarried, nor have I eaten rams from your flocks.

39I did not bring you animals torn by wild beasts; I bore the loss myself. And you demanded payment from me for whatever was stolen by day or night.

40This was my situation: The heat consumed me in the daytime and the cold at night, and sleep fled from my eyes.

41It was like this for the twenty years I was in your household. I worked for you fourteen years for your two daughters and six years for your flocks, and you changed my wages ten times.

42If the God of my father, the God of Abraham and the Fear of Isaac, had not been with me, you would surely have sent me away empty-handed. But God has seen my hardship and the toil of my hands, and last night he rebuked you.”

43Laban answered Jacob, “The women are my daughters, the children are my children, and the flocks are my flocks. All you see is mine. Yet what can I do today about these daughters of mine, or about the children they have borne?

44Come now, let’s make a covenant, you and I, and let it serve as a witness between us.”

45So Jacob took a stone and set it up as a pillar.

46He said to his relatives, “Gather some stones.” So they took stones and piled them in a heap, and they ate there by the heap.

47Laban called it Jegar Sahadutha, and Jacob called it Galeed.

48Laban said, “This heap is a witness between you and me today.” That is why it was called Galeed.

49It was also called Mizpah, because he said, “May the Lord keep watch between you and me when we are away from each other.

50If you mistreat my daughters or if you take any wives besides my daughters, even though no one is with us, remember that God is a witness between you and me.”

51Laban also said to Jacob, “Here is this heap, and here is this pillar I have set up between you and me.

52This heap is a witness, and this pillar is a witness, that I will not go past this heap to your side to harm you and that you will not go past this heap and pillar to my side to harm me.

53May the God of Abraham and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge between us.” So Jacob took an oath in the name of the Fear of his father Isaac.

54He offered a sacrifice there in the hill country and invited his relatives to a meal. After they had eaten, they spent the night there.

55Early the next morning Laban kissed his grandchildren and his daughters and blessed them. Then he left and returned home.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 31.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Jacob departs secretly. (1–21). Laban pursues Jacob. (23–35). Jacob's complaint of Laban's conduct. (36–42). Their covenant at Galeed. (43–55).

vv1-21

The affairs of these families are related very minutely, while (what are called) the great events of states and kingdoms at that period, are not mentioned. The Bible teaches people the common duties of life, how to serve God, how to enjoy the blessings he bestows, and to do good in the various stations and duties of life. Selfish men consider themselves robbed of all that goes past them, and covetousness will even swallow up natural affection. Men's overvaluing worldly wealth is that error which is the root of covetousness, envy, and all evil. The men of the world stand in each other's way, and every one seems to be taking away from the rest; hence discontent, envy, and discord. But there are possessions that will suffice for all; happy they who seek them in the first place. In all our removals we should have respect to the command and promise of God. If He be with us, we need not fear. The perils which surround us are so many, that nothing else can really encourage our hearts. To remember favoured seasons of communion with God, is very refreshing when in difficulties; and we should often recollect our vows, that we fail not to fulfil them.

vv22-35

God can put a bridle in the mouth of wicked men, to restrain their malice, though he do not change their hearts. Though they have no love to God's people, they will pretend to it, and try to make a merit of necessity. Foolish Laban! to call those things his gods which could be stolen! Enemies may steal our goods, but not our God. Here Laban lays to Jacob's charge things that he knew not. Those who commit their cause to God, are not forbidden to plead it themselves with meekness and fear. When we read of Rachel's stealing her father's images, what a scene of iniquity opens! The family of Nahor, who left the idolatrous Chaldees; is this family itself become idolatrous? It is even so. The truth seems to be, that they were like some in after-times, who sware by the Lord and by Malcham, Zep 1:5; and like others in our times, who wish to serve both God and mammon. Great numbers will acknowledge the true God in words, but their hearts and houses are the abodes of spiritual idolatry. When a man gives himself up to covetousness, like Laban, the world is his god; and he has only to reside among gross idolaters in order to become one, or at least a favourer of their abominations.

vv36-42

If Jacob were willingly consumed with heat in the day, and frost by night, to become the son-in-law of Laban, what should we refuse to endure, to become the sons of God? Jacob speaks of God as the God of his father; he thought himself unworthy to be regarded, but was beloved for his father's sake. He calls him the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac; for Abraham was dead, and gone to that world where perfect love casts out fear; but Isaac was yet alive, sanctifying the Lord in his heart, as his fear and his dread.

Cross References

Genesis 31
v13Genesis 28:13allusion

The God of Bethel recalls his initial appearance and covenant promises to Jacob in Gen 28.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v41Genesis 31:7thematic

Jacob reiterates the change of his wages ten times, mirroring his earlier complaint in verse 7.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v3Genesis 28:15fulfillment

Fulfills the promise made at Bethel that God would bring Jacob back to this land.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v13Genesis 28:18allusion

Direct reference to Jacob setting up and anointing the stone pillar at Bethel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v13Genesis 28:20allusion

Direct reference to the vow Jacob made to God at Bethel when fleeing Esau.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v30Genesis 31:19thematic

Explains what Laban means by "my gods," referring to the teraphim Rachel had secretly stolen.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v32Genesis 44:9-12thematic

Narrative parallel where a patriarch unwittingly pronounces a death sentence over a loved one for a hidden item.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v39Exodus 22:10contrast

Highlights Laban's injustice; under later Mosaic law, shepherds were not liable for beasts torn by predators.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v42Genesis 31:24thematic

Refers to God's direct intervention yesternight when He warned Laban not to harm Jacob.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB

v45Genesis 28:18-22thematic

Jacob setting up a stone pillar here echoes his previous action and vow at Bethel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v1Psalms 49:16thematic

Parallels the use of 'glory' to describe the prideful accumulation of worldly wealth.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v1Genesis 45:13thematic

Biblical usage where 'glory' refers to physical wealth and earthly prosperity.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Jacob later details the intense, loyal labor he refers to here.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v7Numbers 14:22thematic

Idiomatic use of 'ten times' to denote an indefinite, frequent number.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v7Job 19:3thematic

Another instance of 'ten times' meaning repeatedly or many times.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v7Leviticus 26:26thematic

Scriptural idiom where 'ten' indicates a completed or frequent number.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Contrast with parents who ought to lay up for children, whereas Laban devoured theirs.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v19Genesis 31:30thematic

Identifies the stolen images specifically as Laban's household 'gods'.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v29Genesis 31:42thematic

Later reference in the same discourse confirming God's protection of Jacob from Laban's power.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v30Judges 18:24thematic

Echoes Laban's absurd distress over stolen man-made deities, later repeated by Micah.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v40Hosea 12:12thematic

Prophetic summary of Jacob's flight and grueling, faithful shepherd service in Syria.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v41Hosea 12:12thematic

Hosea recounts Jacob's long, hard service for a wife in Syria.

Supported by John Calvin

v42Genesis 31:53thematic

Verbal link to the title 'the fear of Isaac' by which Jacob swears.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v44Genesis 21:22-32thematic

Parallels Abraham making a covenant of peace and mutual boundary respect with Abimelech.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v44Genesis 26:28-31thematic

Parallels Isaac's covenant with Abimelech, sealed with an oath and a shared meal.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v53Genesis 11:31thematic

Laban invokes Nahor's father (Terah), referencing the family's Mesopotamian origin before Abraham's call.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

Illustrates how right work and success draw the painful envy of neighbors.

Supported by JFB

v8Genesis 30:32thematic

Refers back to the original breeding agreement made between Jacob and Laban.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v19Hosea 3:4thematic

Connects the 'images' (teraphim) Rachel stole to illicit household idolatrous consultation.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v35Leviticus 15:19thematic

Provides the ceremonial and physical context for Rachel's excuse of the "custom of women."

Supported by Matthew Poole

v39John 10:12contrast

Jacob's sacrificial shepherd care contrasts sharply with the hireling who flees and neglects the flock.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

Illuminates Laban's unjust intent to send Jacob away empty, forbidden in later law.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v44Joshua 24:27thematic

A stone set up as a physical witness to hear and testify of a covenant.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v50Malachi 2:14thematic

God invoked as a witness between a husband and the wife of his youth.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v53Joshua 24:2contrast

Highlights the idolatrous background of Laban's line (Terah's family serving other gods).

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v55Genesis 31:28thematic

Fulfills Laban's earlier stated desire to kiss his daughters and grandchildren before parting.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB