Genesis 31WEB
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Genesis31

World English Bible · Public Domain

1Jacob heard Laban’s sons’ words, saying, “Jacob has taken away all that was our father’s. He has obtained all this wealth from that which was our father’s.”

2Jacob saw the expression on Laban’s face, and, behold, it was not toward him as before.

3Yahweh said to Jacob, “Return to the land of your fathers, and to your relatives, and I will be with you.”

4Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field to his flock,

5and said to them, “I see the expression on your father’s face, that it is not toward me as before; but the God of my father has been with me.

6You know that I have served your father with all of my strength.

7Your father has deceived me, and changed my wages ten times, but God didn’t allow him to hurt me.

8If he said, ‘The speckled will be your wages,’ then all the flock bore speckled. If he said, ‘The streaked will be your wages,’ then all the flock bore streaked.

9Thus God has taken away your father’s livestock, and given them to me.

10During mating season, I lifted up my eyes, and saw in a dream, and behold, the male goats which leaped on the flock were streaked, speckled, and grizzled.

11The angel of God said to me in the dream, ‘Jacob,’ and I said, ‘Here I am.’

12He said, ‘Now lift up your eyes, and behold, all the male goats which leap on the flock are streaked, speckled, and grizzled, for I have seen all that Laban does to you.

13I am the God of Bethel, where you anointed a pillar, where you vowed a vow to me. Now arise, get out from this land, and return to the land of your birth.’”

14Rachel and Leah answered him, “Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father’s house?

15Aren’t we considered as foreigners by him? For he has sold us, and has also used up our money.

16For all the riches which God has taken away from our father are ours and our children’s. Now then, whatever God has said to you, do.”

17Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives on the camels,

18and he took away all his livestock, and all his possessions which he had gathered, including the livestock which he had gained in Paddan Aram, to go to Isaac his father, to the land of Canaan.

19Now Laban had gone to shear his sheep; and Rachel stole the teraphim that were her father’s.

20Jacob deceived Laban the Syrian, in that he didn’t tell him that he was running away.

21So he fled with all that he had. He rose up, passed over the River, and set his face toward the mountain of Gilead.

22Laban was told on the third day that Jacob had fled.

23He took his relatives with him, and pursued him seven days’ journey. He overtook him in the mountain of Gilead.

24God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream of the night, and said to him, “Be careful that you don’t speak to Jacob either good or bad.”

25Laban caught up with Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the mountain, and Laban with his relatives encamped in the mountain of Gilead.

26Laban said to Jacob, “What have you done, that you have deceived me, and carried away my daughters like captives of the sword?

27Why did you flee secretly, and deceive me, and didn’t tell me, that I might have sent you away with mirth and with songs, with tambourine and with harp;

28and didn’t allow me to kiss my sons and my daughters? Now have you done foolishly.

29It is in the power of my hand to hurt you, but the God of your father spoke to me last night, saying, ‘Be careful that you don’t speak to Jacob either good or bad.’

30Now, you want to be gone, because you greatly longed for your father’s house, but why have you stolen my gods?”

31Jacob answered Laban, “Because I was afraid, for I said, ‘Lest you should take your daughters from me by force.’

32Anyone you find your gods with shall not live. Before our relatives, discern what is yours with me, and take it.” For Jacob didn’t know that Rachel had stolen them.

33Laban went into Jacob’s tent, into Leah’s tent, and into the tent of the two female servants; but he didn’t find them. He went out of Leah’s tent, and entered into Rachel’s tent.

34Now Rachel had taken the teraphim, put them in the camel’s saddle, and sat on them. Laban felt around all the tent, but didn’t find them.

35She said to her father, “Don’t let my lord be angry that I can’t rise up before you; for I’m having my period.” He searched, but didn’t find the teraphim.

36Jacob was angry, and argued with Laban. Jacob answered Laban, “What is my trespass? What is my sin, that you have hotly pursued me?

37Now that you have felt around in all my stuff, what have you found of all your household stuff? Set it here before my relatives and your relatives, that they may judge between us two.

38“These twenty years I have been with you. Your ewes and your female goats have not cast their young, and I haven’t eaten the rams of your flocks.

39That which was torn of animals, I didn’t bring to you. I bore its loss. Of my hand you required it, whether stolen by day or stolen by night.

40This was my situation: in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by night; and my sleep fled from my eyes.

41These twenty years I have been in your house. I served you fourteen years for your two daughters, and six years for your flock, and you have changed my wages ten times.

42Unless the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac, had been with me, surely now you would have sent me away empty. God has seen my affliction and the labor of my hands, and rebuked you last night.”

43Laban answered Jacob, “The daughters are my daughters, the children are my children, the flocks are my flocks, and all that you see is mine! What can I do today to these my daughters, or to their children whom they have borne?

44Now come, let’s make a covenant, you and I. Let it be for a witness between me and you.”

45Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar.

46Jacob said to his relatives, “Gather stones.” They took stones, and made a heap. They ate there by the heap.

47Laban called it Jegar Sahadutha, but Jacob called it Galeed.

48Laban said, “This heap is witness between me and you today.” Therefore it was named Galeed

49and Mizpah, for he said, “Yahweh watch between me and you, when we are absent one from another.

50If you afflict my daughters, or if you take wives in addition to my daughters, no man is with us; behold, God is witness between me and you.”

51Laban said to Jacob, “See this heap, and see the pillar, which I have set between me and you.

52May this heap be a witness, and the pillar be a witness, that I will not pass over this heap to you, and that you will not pass over this heap and this pillar to me, for harm.

53The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge between us.” Then Jacob swore by the fear of his father, Isaac.

54Jacob offered a sacrifice in the mountain, and called his relatives to eat bread. They ate bread, and stayed all night in the mountain.

55Early in the morning, Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them. Laban departed and returned to his place.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 31.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Jacob departs secretly. (1–21). Laban pursues Jacob. (23–35). Jacob's complaint of Laban's conduct. (36–42). Their covenant at Galeed. (43–55).

vv1-21

The affairs of these families are related very minutely, while (what are called) the great events of states and kingdoms at that period, are not mentioned. The Bible teaches people the common duties of life, how to serve God, how to enjoy the blessings he bestows, and to do good in the various stations and duties of life. Selfish men consider themselves robbed of all that goes past them, and covetousness will even swallow up natural affection. Men's overvaluing worldly wealth is that error which is the root of covetousness, envy, and all evil. The men of the world stand in each other's way, and every one seems to be taking away from the rest; hence discontent, envy, and discord. But there are possessions that will suffice for all; happy they who seek them in the first place. In all our removals we should have respect to the command and promise of God. If He be with us, we need not fear. The perils which surround us are so many, that nothing else can really encourage our hearts. To remember favoured seasons of communion with God, is very refreshing when in difficulties; and we should often recollect our vows, that we fail not to fulfil them.

vv22-35

God can put a bridle in the mouth of wicked men, to restrain their malice, though he do not change their hearts. Though they have no love to God's people, they will pretend to it, and try to make a merit of necessity. Foolish Laban! to call those things his gods which could be stolen! Enemies may steal our goods, but not our God. Here Laban lays to Jacob's charge things that he knew not. Those who commit their cause to God, are not forbidden to plead it themselves with meekness and fear. When we read of Rachel's stealing her father's images, what a scene of iniquity opens! The family of Nahor, who left the idolatrous Chaldees; is this family itself become idolatrous? It is even so. The truth seems to be, that they were like some in after-times, who sware by the Lord and by Malcham, Zep 1:5; and like others in our times, who wish to serve both God and mammon. Great numbers will acknowledge the true God in words, but their hearts and houses are the abodes of spiritual idolatry. When a man gives himself up to covetousness, like Laban, the world is his god; and he has only to reside among gross idolaters in order to become one, or at least a favourer of their abominations.

vv36-42

If Jacob were willingly consumed with heat in the day, and frost by night, to become the son-in-law of Laban, what should we refuse to endure, to become the sons of God? Jacob speaks of God as the God of his father; he thought himself unworthy to be regarded, but was beloved for his father's sake. He calls him the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac; for Abraham was dead, and gone to that world where perfect love casts out fear; but Isaac was yet alive, sanctifying the Lord in his heart, as his fear and his dread.

Cross References

Genesis 31
v13Genesis 28:13allusion

The God of Bethel recalls his initial appearance and covenant promises to Jacob in Gen 28.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v41Genesis 31:7thematic

Jacob reiterates the change of his wages ten times, mirroring his earlier complaint in verse 7.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v3Genesis 28:15fulfillment

Fulfills the promise made at Bethel that God would bring Jacob back to this land.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v13Genesis 28:18allusion

Direct reference to Jacob setting up and anointing the stone pillar at Bethel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v13Genesis 28:20allusion

Direct reference to the vow Jacob made to God at Bethel when fleeing Esau.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v30Genesis 31:19thematic

Explains what Laban means by "my gods," referring to the teraphim Rachel had secretly stolen.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v32Genesis 44:9-12thematic

Narrative parallel where a patriarch unwittingly pronounces a death sentence over a loved one for a hidden item.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v39Exodus 22:10contrast

Highlights Laban's injustice; under later Mosaic law, shepherds were not liable for beasts torn by predators.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v42Genesis 31:24thematic

Refers to God's direct intervention yesternight when He warned Laban not to harm Jacob.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB

v45Genesis 28:18-22thematic

Jacob setting up a stone pillar here echoes his previous action and vow at Bethel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v1Psalms 49:16thematic

Parallels the use of 'glory' to describe the prideful accumulation of worldly wealth.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v1Genesis 45:13thematic

Biblical usage where 'glory' refers to physical wealth and earthly prosperity.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Jacob later details the intense, loyal labor he refers to here.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v7Numbers 14:22thematic

Idiomatic use of 'ten times' to denote an indefinite, frequent number.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v7Job 19:3thematic

Another instance of 'ten times' meaning repeatedly or many times.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v7Leviticus 26:26thematic

Scriptural idiom where 'ten' indicates a completed or frequent number.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Contrast with parents who ought to lay up for children, whereas Laban devoured theirs.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v19Genesis 31:30thematic

Identifies the stolen images specifically as Laban's household 'gods'.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v29Genesis 31:42thematic

Later reference in the same discourse confirming God's protection of Jacob from Laban's power.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v30Judges 18:24thematic

Echoes Laban's absurd distress over stolen man-made deities, later repeated by Micah.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v40Hosea 12:12thematic

Prophetic summary of Jacob's flight and grueling, faithful shepherd service in Syria.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v41Hosea 12:12thematic

Hosea recounts Jacob's long, hard service for a wife in Syria.

Supported by John Calvin

v42Genesis 31:53thematic

Verbal link to the title 'the fear of Isaac' by which Jacob swears.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v44Genesis 21:22-32thematic

Parallels Abraham making a covenant of peace and mutual boundary respect with Abimelech.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v44Genesis 26:28-31thematic

Parallels Isaac's covenant with Abimelech, sealed with an oath and a shared meal.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v53Genesis 11:31thematic

Laban invokes Nahor's father (Terah), referencing the family's Mesopotamian origin before Abraham's call.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

Illustrates how right work and success draw the painful envy of neighbors.

Supported by JFB

v8Genesis 30:32thematic

Refers back to the original breeding agreement made between Jacob and Laban.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v19Hosea 3:4thematic

Connects the 'images' (teraphim) Rachel stole to illicit household idolatrous consultation.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v35Leviticus 15:19thematic

Provides the ceremonial and physical context for Rachel's excuse of the "custom of women."

Supported by Matthew Poole

v39John 10:12contrast

Jacob's sacrificial shepherd care contrasts sharply with the hireling who flees and neglects the flock.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

Illuminates Laban's unjust intent to send Jacob away empty, forbidden in later law.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v44Joshua 24:27thematic

A stone set up as a physical witness to hear and testify of a covenant.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v50Malachi 2:14thematic

God invoked as a witness between a husband and the wife of his youth.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v53Joshua 24:2contrast

Highlights the idolatrous background of Laban's line (Terah's family serving other gods).

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v55Genesis 31:28thematic

Fulfills Laban's earlier stated desire to kiss his daughters and grandchildren before parting.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB