Genesis44
World English Bible · Public Domain
1He commanded the steward of his house, saying, “Fill the men’s sacks with food, as much as they can carry, and put each man’s money in his sack’s mouth.
2Put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack’s mouth of the youngest, with his grain money.” He did according to the word that Joseph had spoken.
3As soon as the morning was light, the men were sent away, they and their donkeys.
4When they had gone out of the city, and were not yet far off, Joseph said to his steward, “Up, follow after the men. When you overtake them, ask them, ‘Why have you rewarded evil for good?
5Isn’t this that from which my lord drinks, and by which he indeed divines? You have done evil in so doing.’”
6He overtook them, and he spoke these words to them.
7They said to him, “Why does my lord speak such words as these? Far be it from your servants that they should do such a thing!
8Behold, the money, which we found in our sacks’ mouths, we brought again to you out of the land of Canaan. How then should we steal silver or gold out of your lord’s house?
9With whomever of your servants it is found, let him die, and we also will be my lord’s slaves.”
10He said, “Now also let it be according to your words. He with whom it is found will be my slave; and you will be blameless.”
11Then they hurried, and each man took his sack down to the ground, and each man opened his sack.
12He searched, beginning with the oldest, and ending at the youngest. The cup was found in Benjamin’s sack.
13Then they tore their clothes, and each man loaded his donkey, and returned to the city.
14Judah and his brothers came to Joseph’s house, and he was still there. They fell on the ground before him.
15Joseph said to them, “What deed is this that you have done? Don’t you know that such a man as I can indeed do divination?”
16Judah said, “What will we tell my lord? What will we speak? How will we clear ourselves? God has found out the iniquity of your servants. Behold, we are my lord’s slaves, both we and he also in whose hand the cup is found.”
17He said, “Far be it from me that I should do so. The man in whose hand the cup is found, he will be my slave; but as for you, go up in peace to your father.”
18Then Judah came near to him, and said, “Oh, my lord, please let your servant speak a word in my lord’s ears, and don’t let your anger burn against your servant; for you are even as Pharaoh.
19My lord asked his servants, saying, ‘Have you a father, or a brother?’
20We said to my lord, ‘We have a father, an old man, and a child of his old age, a little one; and his brother is dead, and he alone is left of his mother; and his father loves him.’
21You said to your servants, ‘Bring him down to me, that I may set my eyes on him.’
22We said to my lord, ‘The boy can’t leave his father, for if he should leave his father, his father would die.’
23You said to your servants, ‘Unless your youngest brother comes down with you, you will see my face no more.’
24When we came up to your servant my father, we told him the words of my lord.
25Our father said, ‘Go again and buy us a little food.’
26We said, ‘We can’t go down. If our youngest brother is with us, then we will go down: for we may not see the man’s face, unless our youngest brother is with us.’
27Your servant, my father, said to us, ‘You know that my wife bore me two sons.
28One went out from me, and I said, “Surely he is torn in pieces;” and I haven’t seen him since.
29If you take this one also from me, and harm happens to him, you will bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Sheol.’
30Now therefore when I come to your servant my father, and the boy is not with us; since his life is bound up in the boy’s life;
31it will happen, when he sees that the boy is no more, that he will die. Your servants will bring down the gray hairs of your servant, our father, with sorrow to Sheol.
32For your servant became collateral for the boy to my father, saying, ‘If I don’t bring him to you, then I will bear the blame to my father forever.’
33Now therefore, please let your servant stay instead of the boy, my lord’s slave; and let the boy go up with his brothers.
34For how will I go up to my father, if the boy isn’t with me?—lest I see the evil that will come on my father.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 44.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Joseph's policy to stay his brethren, and try their affection for Benjamin. (1–17). Judah's supplication to Joseph. (18–34).
vv1-17
Joseph tried how his brethren felt towards Benjamin. Had they envied and hated the other son of Rachel as they had hated him, and if they had the same want of feeling towards their father Jacob as heretofore, they would now have shown it. When the cup was found upon Benjamin, they would have a pretext for leaving him to be a slave. But we cannot judge what men are now, by what they have been formerly; nor what they will do, by what they have done. The steward charged them with being ungrateful, rewarding evil for good; with folly, in taking away the cup of daily use, which would soon be missed, and diligent search made for it; for so it may be read, Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, as having a particular fondness for it, and for which he would search thoroughly? Or, By which, leaving it carelessly at your table, he would make trial whether you were honest men or not? They throw themselves upon Joseph's mercy, and acknowledge the righteousness of God, perhaps thinking of the injury they had formerly done to Joseph, for which they thought God was now reckoning with them. Even in afflictions wherein we believe ourselves wronged by men, we must own that God is righteous, and finds out our sin.
vv18-34
Had Joseph been, as Judah supposed him, an utter stranger to the family, he could not but be wrought upon by his powerful reasonings. But neither Jacob nor Benjamin need an intercessor with Joseph; for he himself loved them. Judah's faithful cleaving to Benjamin, now, in his distress, was recompensed long afterwards by the tribe of Benjamin keeping with the tribe of Judah, when the other tribes deserted it. The apostle, when discoursing of the mediation of Christ, observes, that our Lord sprang out of Judah, Heb 7:14; and he not only made intercession for the transgressors, but he became a Surety for them, testifying therein tender concern, both for his Father and for his brethren. Jesus, the great antitype of Joseph, humbles and proves his people, even after they have had some tastes of his loving-kindness. He brings their sins to their remembrance, that they may exercise and show repentance, and feel how much they owe to his mercy.
Key Words
בַּיִת: a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
מָלֵא: to fill or (intransitively) be full of, in a wide application (literally and figuratively)
אֱנוֹשׁ: a man in general (singly or collectively)
אַמְתַּחַת: properly, something expansive, i.e. a bag
אֹכֶל: food
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
יָכֹל: to be able, literally (can, could) or morally (may, might)
נָשָׂא: to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative
שׂוּם: to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)
אִישׁ: a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
Cross References
Genesis 44The brothers falling before Joseph on the ground directly fulfills his early prophetic dreams of their sheaves bowing.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Judah quotes his own previous pledge of surety for Benjamin made directly to Jacob.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Judah confesses God found out their iniquity, echoing their previous conviction regarding their guilty sale of Joseph.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
Judah's substitutionary surety for Benjamin foreshadows Christ, the Surety of a better covenant from Judah's line.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The Hebrew word for 'divine' (nachash) is used here as 'to diligently observe or learn by experience.'
Supported by Matthew Poole
They rend their clothes in grief over Benjamin, contrasting with their past callousness when selling Joseph.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Judah steps forward as spokesman because he had personally pledged to be surety for Benjamin's safe return.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Judah references Jacob's original agonizing conclusion that Joseph was surely torn in pieces.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Judah recalls Jacob's fearful words concerning bringing down his gray hairs with sorrow to sheol.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Joseph commands his steward to replace their money in their sacks, repeating his previous mysterious strategy.
Supported by JFB
The brothers' rash vow of death to the thief mirrors Jacob's past foolish vow to Laban.
Supported by John Calvin
Judah says Joseph is 'even as Pharaoh,' recalling Joseph's supreme appointment over Egypt's royal house.
Supported by John Calvin
Judah recounts the initial interrogation regarding their family tree that forced them to bring Benjamin.
Supported by John Calvin
Judah recites Jacob's extreme grief and protective warning regarding Benjamin, his only remaining child of Rachel.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Parallels the phrase 'life is bound up' in another life, describing deep soul-binding affection.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Paul's willing substitution for his brethren reflects Judah's self-sacrificial offer to take Benjamin's place.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallels Judah's dread of seeing the overwhelming evil and grief fall upon his father.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The steward's accusation of 'rewarding evil for good' reflects the wicked ingratitude warned against in Proverbs.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
They defend their honesty by noting they returned the double money found in their sacks earlier.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The search starting from eldest to youngest mirrors how they were seated at Joseph's feast.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Recalls the strict warning of the Egyptian ruler that they would not see his face without Benjamin.
Supported by John Calvin
Confirms Jacob's view of Rachel as his primary wife who bore him two sons.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Echoes Jacob's grief over Joseph, refusing to be comforted as he goes to the grave.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The steward's proposal to take only the thief as servant is later repeated by Joseph himself.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Benjamin is described as 'a child of his old age,' just as Joseph was formerly designated.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Refers back to Joseph's initial demanding test and oath to see the youngest brother.
Supported by John Calvin
Contrasts Reuben's rash surety proposal with Judah's genuine, practical, and effective surety offer.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Moses, like Judah, offers himself as a substitute to save his people from destruction.
Supported by Matthew Henry