Genesis44
King James Version · Public Domain
1And he commanded the steward of his house, saying, Fill the men's sacks with food, as much as they can carry, and put every man's money in his sack's mouth.
2And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the youngest, and his corn money. And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken.
3As soon as the morning was light, the men were sent away, they and their asses.
4And when they were gone out of the city, and not yet far off, Joseph said unto his steward, Up, follow after the men; and when thou dost overtake them, say unto them, Wherefore have ye rewarded evil for good?
5Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, and whereby indeed he divineth? ye have done evil in so doing.
6And he overtook them, and he spake unto them these same words.
7And they said unto him, Wherefore saith my lord these words? God forbid that thy servants should do according to this thing:
8Behold, the money, which we found in our sacks' mouths, we brought again unto thee out of the land of Canaan: how then should we steal out of thy lord's house silver or gold?
9With whomsoever of thy servants it be found, both let him die, and we also will be my lord's bondmen.
10And he said, Now also let it be according unto your words: he with whom it is found shall be my servant; and ye shall be blameless.
11Then they speedily took down every man his sack to the ground, and opened every man his sack.
12And he searched, and began at the eldest, and left at the youngest: and the cup was found in Benjamin's sack.
13Then they rent their clothes, and laded every man his ass, and returned to the city.
14And Judah and his brethren came to Joseph's house; for he was yet there: and they fell before him on the ground.
15And Joseph said unto them, What deed is this that ye have done? wot ye not that such a man as I can certainly divine?
16And Judah said, What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves? God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants: behold, we are my lord's servants, both we, and he also with whom the cup is found.
17And he said, God forbid that I should do so: but the man in whose hand the cup is found, he shall be my servant; and as for you, get you up in peace unto your father.
18Then Judah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, and let not thine anger burn against thy servant: for thou art even as Pharaoh.
19My lord asked his servants, saying, Have ye a father, or a brother?
20And we said unto my lord, We have a father, an old man, and a child of his old age, a little one; and his brother is dead, and he alone is left of his mother, and his father loveth him.
21And thou saidst unto thy servants, Bring him down unto me, that I may set mine eyes upon him.
22And we said unto my lord, The lad cannot leave his father: for if he should leave his father, his father would die.
23And thou saidst unto thy servants, Except your youngest brother come down with you, ye shall see my face no more.
24And it came to pass when we came up unto thy servant my father, we told him the words of my lord.
25And our father said, Go again, and buy us a little food.
26And we said, We cannot go down: if our youngest brother be with us, then will we go down: for we may not see the man's face, except our youngest brother be with us.
27And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know that my wife bare me two sons:
28And the one went out from me, and I said, Surely he is torn in pieces; and I saw him not since:
29And if ye take this also from me, and mischief befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.
30Now therefore when I come to thy servant my father, and the lad be not with us; seeing that his life is bound up in the lad's life;
31It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he will die: and thy servants shall bring down the gray hairs of thy servant our father with sorrow to the grave.
32For thy servant became surety for the lad unto my father, saying, If I bring him not unto thee, then I shall bear the blame to my father for ever.
33Now therefore, I pray thee, let thy servant abide instead of the lad a bondman to my lord; and let the lad go up with his brethren.
34For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad be not with me? lest peradventure I see the evil that shall come on my father.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 44.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Joseph's policy to stay his brethren, and try their affection for Benjamin. (1–17). Judah's supplication to Joseph. (18–34).
vv1-17
Joseph tried how his brethren felt towards Benjamin. Had they envied and hated the other son of Rachel as they had hated him, and if they had the same want of feeling towards their father Jacob as heretofore, they would now have shown it. When the cup was found upon Benjamin, they would have a pretext for leaving him to be a slave. But we cannot judge what men are now, by what they have been formerly; nor what they will do, by what they have done. The steward charged them with being ungrateful, rewarding evil for good; with folly, in taking away the cup of daily use, which would soon be missed, and diligent search made for it; for so it may be read, Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, as having a particular fondness for it, and for which he would search thoroughly? Or, By which, leaving it carelessly at your table, he would make trial whether you were honest men or not? They throw themselves upon Joseph's mercy, and acknowledge the righteousness of God, perhaps thinking of the injury they had formerly done to Joseph, for which they thought God was now reckoning with them. Even in afflictions wherein we believe ourselves wronged by men, we must own that God is righteous, and finds out our sin.
vv18-34
Had Joseph been, as Judah supposed him, an utter stranger to the family, he could not but be wrought upon by his powerful reasonings. But neither Jacob nor Benjamin need an intercessor with Joseph; for he himself loved them. Judah's faithful cleaving to Benjamin, now, in his distress, was recompensed long afterwards by the tribe of Benjamin keeping with the tribe of Judah, when the other tribes deserted it. The apostle, when discoursing of the mediation of Christ, observes, that our Lord sprang out of Judah, Heb 7:14; and he not only made intercession for the transgressors, but he became a Surety for them, testifying therein tender concern, both for his Father and for his brethren. Jesus, the great antitype of Joseph, humbles and proves his people, even after they have had some tastes of his loving-kindness. He brings their sins to their remembrance, that they may exercise and show repentance, and feel how much they owe to his mercy.
Key Words
בַּיִת: a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
מָלֵא: to fill or (intransitively) be full of, in a wide application (literally and figuratively)
אֱנוֹשׁ: a man in general (singly or collectively)
אַמְתַּחַת: properly, something expansive, i.e. a bag
אֹכֶל: food
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
יָכֹל: to be able, literally (can, could) or morally (may, might)
נָשָׂא: to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative
שׂוּם: to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)
אִישׁ: a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
Cross References
Genesis 44The brothers falling before Joseph on the ground directly fulfills his early prophetic dreams of their sheaves bowing.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Judah quotes his own previous pledge of surety for Benjamin made directly to Jacob.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Judah confesses God found out their iniquity, echoing their previous conviction regarding their guilty sale of Joseph.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
Judah's substitutionary surety for Benjamin foreshadows Christ, the Surety of a better covenant from Judah's line.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The Hebrew word for 'divine' (nachash) is used here as 'to diligently observe or learn by experience.'
Supported by Matthew Poole
They rend their clothes in grief over Benjamin, contrasting with their past callousness when selling Joseph.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Judah steps forward as spokesman because he had personally pledged to be surety for Benjamin's safe return.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Judah references Jacob's original agonizing conclusion that Joseph was surely torn in pieces.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Judah recalls Jacob's fearful words concerning bringing down his gray hairs with sorrow to sheol.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Joseph commands his steward to replace their money in their sacks, repeating his previous mysterious strategy.
Supported by JFB
The brothers' rash vow of death to the thief mirrors Jacob's past foolish vow to Laban.
Supported by John Calvin
Judah says Joseph is 'even as Pharaoh,' recalling Joseph's supreme appointment over Egypt's royal house.
Supported by John Calvin
Judah recounts the initial interrogation regarding their family tree that forced them to bring Benjamin.
Supported by John Calvin
Judah recites Jacob's extreme grief and protective warning regarding Benjamin, his only remaining child of Rachel.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Parallels the phrase 'life is bound up' in another life, describing deep soul-binding affection.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Paul's willing substitution for his brethren reflects Judah's self-sacrificial offer to take Benjamin's place.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallels Judah's dread of seeing the overwhelming evil and grief fall upon his father.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The steward's accusation of 'rewarding evil for good' reflects the wicked ingratitude warned against in Proverbs.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
They defend their honesty by noting they returned the double money found in their sacks earlier.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The search starting from eldest to youngest mirrors how they were seated at Joseph's feast.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Recalls the strict warning of the Egyptian ruler that they would not see his face without Benjamin.
Supported by John Calvin
Confirms Jacob's view of Rachel as his primary wife who bore him two sons.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Echoes Jacob's grief over Joseph, refusing to be comforted as he goes to the grave.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The steward's proposal to take only the thief as servant is later repeated by Joseph himself.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Benjamin is described as 'a child of his old age,' just as Joseph was formerly designated.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Refers back to Joseph's initial demanding test and oath to see the youngest brother.
Supported by John Calvin
Contrasts Reuben's rash surety proposal with Judah's genuine, practical, and effective surety offer.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Moses, like Judah, offers himself as a substitute to save his people from destruction.
Supported by Matthew Henry