Genesis 44NIV
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Genesis44

New International Version

1Now Joseph gave these instructions to the steward of his house: “Fill the men’s sacks with as much food as they can carry, and put each man’s silver in the mouth of his sack.

2Then put my cup, the silver one, in the mouth of the youngest one’s sack, along with the silver for his grain.” And he did as Joseph said.

3As morning dawned, the men were sent on their way with their donkeys.

4They had not gone far from the city when Joseph said to his steward, “Go after those men at once, and when you catch up with them, say to them, ‘Why have you repaid good with evil?

5Isn’t this the cup my master drinks from and also uses for divination? This is a wicked thing you have done.’”

6When he caught up with them, he repeated these words to them.

7But they said to him, “Why does my lord say such things? Far be it from your servants to do anything like that!

8We even brought back to you from the land of Canaan the silver we found inside the mouths of our sacks. So why would we steal silver or gold from your master’s house?

9If any of your servants is found to have it, he will die; and the rest of us will become my lord’s slaves.”

10“Very well, then,” he said, “let it be as you say. Whoever is found to have it will become my slave; the rest of you will be free from blame.”

11Each of them quickly lowered his sack to the ground and opened it.

12Then the steward proceeded to search, beginning with the oldest and ending with the youngest. And the cup was found in Benjamin’s sack.

13At this, they tore their clothes. Then they all loaded their donkeys and returned to the city.

14Joseph was still in the house when Judah and his brothers came in, and they threw themselves to the ground before him.

15Joseph said to them, “What is this you have done? Don’t you know that a man like me can find things out by divination?”

16“What can we say to my lord?” Judah replied. “What can we say? How can we prove our innocence? God has uncovered your servants’ guilt. We are now my lord’s slaves—we ourselves and the one who was found to have the cup.”

17But Joseph said, “Far be it from me to do such a thing! Only the man who was found to have the cup will become my slave. The rest of you, go back to your father in peace.”

18Then Judah went up to him and said: “Pardon your servant, my lord, let me speak a word to my lord. Do not be angry with your servant, though you are equal to Pharaoh himself.

19My lord asked his servants, ‘Do you have a father or a brother?’

20And we answered, ‘We have an aged father, and there is a young son born to him in his old age. His brother is dead, and he is the only one of his mother’s sons left, and his father loves him.’

21“Then you said to your servants, ‘Bring him down to me so I can see him for myself.’

22And we said to my lord, ‘The boy cannot leave his father; if he leaves him, his father will die.’

23But you told your servants, ‘Unless your youngest brother comes down with you, you will not see my face again.’

24When we went back to your servant my father, we told him what my lord had said.

25“Then our father said, ‘Go back and buy a little more food.’

26But we said, ‘We cannot go down. Only if our youngest brother is with us will we go. We cannot see the man’s face unless our youngest brother is with us.’

27“Your servant my father said to us, ‘You know that my wife bore me two sons.

28One of them went away from me, and I said, “He has surely been torn to pieces.” And I have not seen him since.

29If you take this one from me too and harm comes to him, you will bring my gray head down to the grave in misery.’

30“So now, if the boy is not with us when I go back to your servant my father, and if my father, whose life is closely bound up with the boy’s life,

31sees that the boy isn’t there, he will die. Your servants will bring the gray head of our father down to the grave in sorrow.

32Your servant guaranteed the boy’s safety to my father. I said, ‘If I do not bring him back to you, I will bear the blame before you, my father, all my life!’

33“Now then, please let your servant remain here as my lord’s slave in place of the boy, and let the boy return with his brothers.

34How can I go back to my father if the boy is not with me? No! Do not let me see the misery that would come on my father.”

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 44.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Joseph's policy to stay his brethren, and try their affection for Benjamin. (1–17). Judah's supplication to Joseph. (18–34).

vv1-17

Joseph tried how his brethren felt towards Benjamin. Had they envied and hated the other son of Rachel as they had hated him, and if they had the same want of feeling towards their father Jacob as heretofore, they would now have shown it. When the cup was found upon Benjamin, they would have a pretext for leaving him to be a slave. But we cannot judge what men are now, by what they have been formerly; nor what they will do, by what they have done. The steward charged them with being ungrateful, rewarding evil for good; with folly, in taking away the cup of daily use, which would soon be missed, and diligent search made for it; for so it may be read, Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, as having a particular fondness for it, and for which he would search thoroughly? Or, By which, leaving it carelessly at your table, he would make trial whether you were honest men or not? They throw themselves upon Joseph's mercy, and acknowledge the righteousness of God, perhaps thinking of the injury they had formerly done to Joseph, for which they thought God was now reckoning with them. Even in afflictions wherein we believe ourselves wronged by men, we must own that God is righteous, and finds out our sin.

vv18-34

Had Joseph been, as Judah supposed him, an utter stranger to the family, he could not but be wrought upon by his powerful reasonings. But neither Jacob nor Benjamin need an intercessor with Joseph; for he himself loved them. Judah's faithful cleaving to Benjamin, now, in his distress, was recompensed long afterwards by the tribe of Benjamin keeping with the tribe of Judah, when the other tribes deserted it. The apostle, when discoursing of the mediation of Christ, observes, that our Lord sprang out of Judah, Heb 7:14; and he not only made intercession for the transgressors, but he became a Surety for them, testifying therein tender concern, both for his Father and for his brethren. Jesus, the great antitype of Joseph, humbles and proves his people, even after they have had some tastes of his loving-kindness. He brings their sins to their remembrance, that they may exercise and show repentance, and feel how much they owe to his mercy.

Cross References

Genesis 44
v14Genesis 37:7-9fulfillment

The brothers falling before Joseph on the ground directly fulfills his early prophetic dreams of their sheaves bowing.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v32Genesis 43:9thematic

Judah quotes his own previous pledge of surety for Benjamin made directly to Jacob.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v16Genesis 42:21thematic

Judah confesses God found out their iniquity, echoing their previous conviction regarding their guilty sale of Joseph.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB

v32Hebrews 7:22typology

Judah's substitutionary surety for Benjamin foreshadows Christ, the Surety of a better covenant from Judah's line.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v5Genesis 30:27thematic

The Hebrew word for 'divine' (nachash) is used here as 'to diligently observe or learn by experience.'

Supported by Matthew Poole

v13Genesis 37:29-34contrast

They rend their clothes in grief over Benjamin, contrasting with their past callousness when selling Joseph.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v16Genesis 43:9thematic

Judah steps forward as spokesman because he had personally pledged to be surety for Benjamin's safe return.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v28Genesis 37:33allusion

Judah references Jacob's original agonizing conclusion that Joseph was surely torn in pieces.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v29Genesis 42:38thematic

Judah recalls Jacob's fearful words concerning bringing down his gray hairs with sorrow to sheol.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v1Genesis 42:25thematic

Joseph commands his steward to replace their money in their sacks, repeating his previous mysterious strategy.

Supported by JFB

v9Genesis 31:32thematic

The brothers' rash vow of death to the thief mirrors Jacob's past foolish vow to Laban.

Supported by John Calvin

v18Genesis 41:40thematic

Judah says Joseph is 'even as Pharaoh,' recalling Joseph's supreme appointment over Egypt's royal house.

Supported by John Calvin

v19Genesis 43:7thematic

Judah recounts the initial interrogation regarding their family tree that forced them to bring Benjamin.

Supported by John Calvin

v20Genesis 42:38thematic

Judah recites Jacob's extreme grief and protective warning regarding Benjamin, his only remaining child of Rachel.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v301 Samuel 18:1thematic

Parallels the phrase 'life is bound up' in another life, describing deep soul-binding affection.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v33Romans 9:3thematic

Paul's willing substitution for his brethren reflects Judah's self-sacrificial offer to take Benjamin's place.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v34Esther 8:6thematic

Parallels Judah's dread of seeing the overwhelming evil and grief fall upon his father.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v4Proverbs 17:13thematic

The steward's accusation of 'rewarding evil for good' reflects the wicked ingratitude warned against in Proverbs.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v8Genesis 43:12thematic

They defend their honesty by noting they returned the double money found in their sacks earlier.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v12Genesis 43:33thematic

The search starting from eldest to youngest mirrors how they were seated at Joseph's feast.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v23Genesis 43:3thematic

Recalls the strict warning of the Egyptian ruler that they would not see his face without Benjamin.

Supported by John Calvin

v27Genesis 46:19thematic

Confirms Jacob's view of Rachel as his primary wife who bore him two sons.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v29Genesis 37:35thematic

Echoes Jacob's grief over Joseph, refusing to be comforted as he goes to the grave.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v10Genesis 44:17thematic

The steward's proposal to take only the thief as servant is later repeated by Joseph himself.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v20Genesis 37:3thematic

Benjamin is described as 'a child of his old age,' just as Joseph was formerly designated.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v21Genesis 42:15thematic

Refers back to Joseph's initial demanding test and oath to see the youngest brother.

Supported by John Calvin

v32Genesis 42:37contrast

Contrasts Reuben's rash surety proposal with Judah's genuine, practical, and effective surety offer.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v33Exodus 32:32thematic

Moses, like Judah, offers himself as a substitute to save his people from destruction.

Supported by Matthew Henry