Ecclesiastes 4NIV
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Ecclesiastes4

New International Version

1Again I looked and saw all the oppression that was taking place under the sun: I saw the tears of the oppressed— and they have no comforter; power was on the side of their oppressors— and they have no comforter.

2And I declared that the dead, who had already died, are happier than the living, who are still alive.

3But better than both is the one who has never been born, who has not seen the evil that is done under the sun.

4And I saw that all toil and all achievement spring from one person’s envy of another. This too is meaningless, a chasing after the wind.

5Fools fold their hands and ruin themselves.

6Better one handful with tranquillity than two handfuls with toil and chasing after the wind.

7Again I saw something meaningless under the sun:

8There was a man all alone; he had neither son nor brother. There was no end to his toil, yet his eyes were not content with his wealth. “For whom am I toiling,” he asked, “and why am I depriving myself of enjoyment?” This too is meaningless— a miserable business!

9Two are better than one, because they have a good return for their labor:

10If either of them falls down, one can help the other up. But pity anyone who falls and has no one to help them up.

11Also, if two lie down together, they will keep warm. But how can one keep warm alone?

12Though one may be overpowered, two can defend themselves. A cord of three strands is not quickly broken.

13Better a poor but wise youth than an old but foolish king who no longer knows how to heed a warning.

14The youth may have come from prison to the kingship, or he may have been born in poverty within his kingdom.

15I saw that all who lived and walked under the sun followed the youth, the king’s successor.

16There was no end to all the people who were before them. But those who came later were not pleased with the successor. This too is meaningless, a chasing after the wind.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Ecclesiastes 4.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Miseries from oppression. (1-3). troubles from envy. (4-6). The folly of covetousness. (7,8) . The advantages of mutual assistance. (9-12). the changes of royalty. (13-16).

vv1-3

It grieved Solomon to see might prevail against right. Wherever we turn, we see melancholy proofs of the wickedness and misery of mankind, who try to create trouble to themselves and to each other. Being thus hardly used, men are tempted to hate and despise life. But a good man, though badly off while in this world, cannot have cause to wish he had never been born, since he is glorifying the Lord, even in the fires, and will be happy at last, for ever happy. Ungodly men have most cause to wish the continuance of life with all its vexations, as a far more miserable condition awaits them if they die in their sins. If human and worldly things were our chief good, not to exist would be preferable to life, considering the various oppressions here below.

vv4-6

Solomon notices the sources of trouble peculiar to well-doers, and includes all who labour with diligence, and whose efforts are crowned with success. They often become great and prosperous, but this excites envy and opposition. Others, seeing the vexations of an active course, foolishly expect more satisfaction in sloth and idleness. But idleness is a sin that is its own punishment. Let us by honest industry lay hold on the handful, that we may not want necessaries, but not grasp at both hands full, which would only create vexation of spirit. Moderate pains and gains do best.

vv7-8

Frequently, the more men have, the more they would have; and on this they are so intent, that they get no enjoyment from what they have. Selfishness is the cause of this evil. A selfish man cares for nobody; there is none to take care of but himself, yet he will scarcely allow necessary rest to himself, and the people he employs. He never thinks he has enough. He has enough for his calling, for his family, but he has not enough for his eyes. Many are so set upon the world, that in pursuit of it they bereave themselves, not only of the favour of God and eternal life, but of the pleasures of this life. The distant relations or strangers who inherit such a man's wealth, never thank him. Covetousness gathers strength by time and habit; men tottering on the brink of the grave, grow more grasping and griping. Alas, and how often do we see men professing to be followers of Him, who, "though he was rich, for our sakes became poor," anxiously scraping money together and holding it fast, excusing themselves by common-place talking about the necessity of care, and the danger of extravagance!

Cross References

Ecclesiastes 4
v5Proverbs 6:10allusion

Uses the identical proverbial posture of 'folding hands' to signify self-destructive laziness.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Proverbs 17:1thematic

Direct parallel contrasting a small portion in peace with a house full of strife/vexation.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Proverbs 15:16thematic

Parallels the preference for a little with quietness over great wealth with trouble.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Solomon resumes the consideration of injustice and oppression in the place of judgment.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v2Job 3:17-21thematic

Parallels the deep existential sigh praising the peaceful dead over the oppressed living.

Supported by JFB

v9Genesis 2:18thematic

The foundational creation text declaring that it is not good for man to be alone.

Supported by JFB

v131 Kings 11:26-40typology

Foresees the historical division, casting Jeroboam as the poor, wise child and Solomon as the foolish king.

Supported by JFB

v5Isaiah 9:20allusion

A vivid parallel for the self-consuming destruction implied in eating one's own flesh.

Supported by JFB

v8Proverbs 27:20thematic

Echoes the unsatisfied nature of the human eye, specifically in covetous accumulation.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v111 Kings 1:1allusion

The historical image of an aging king needing another to lie with him for warmth.

Supported by JFB

v14Genesis 41:14typology

The historical prototype of coming directly out of prison/dungeon to rule over a kingdom.

Supported by JFB

v3Job 10:18thematic

Parallels the sorrowful wish that one had never been born to see earthly evil.

Supported by JFB

v8Psalms 39:6thematic

Direct parallel describing the vanity of heaping up riches without knowing who will gather them.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v152 Samuel 15:6thematic

Illuminates how easily the hearts of the living follow a new, rising successor (like Absalom).

Supported by JFB