1 Peter1
New King James Version
1Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To the pilgrims of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia,
2elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, in sanctification of the Spirit, for obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: Grace to you and peace be multiplied.
3Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His abundant mercy has begotten us again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
4to an inheritance incorruptible and undefiled and that does not fade away, reserved in heaven for you,
5who are kept by the power of God through faith for salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.
6In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have been grieved by various trials,
7that the genuineness of your faith, being much more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found to praise, honor, and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ,
8whom having not seen you love. Though now you do not see Him, yet believing, you rejoice with joy inexpressible and full of glory,
9receiving the end of your faith—the salvation of your souls.
10Of this salvation the prophets have inquired and searched carefully, who prophesied of the grace that would come to you,
11searching what, or what manner of time, the Spirit of Christ who was in them was indicating when He testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow.
12To them it was revealed that, not to themselves, but to us they were ministering the things which now have been reported to you through those who have preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven—things which angels desire to look into.
13Therefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and rest your hope fully upon the grace that is to be brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ;
14as obedient children, not conforming yourselves to the former lusts, as in your ignorance;
15but as He who called you is holy, you also be holy in all your conduct,
16because it is written, “Be holy, for I am holy.”
17And if you call on the Father, who without partiality judges according to each one’s work, conduct yourselves throughout the time of your stay here in fear;
18knowing that you were not redeemed with corruptible things, like silver or gold, from your aimless conduct received by tradition from your fathers,
19but with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot.
20He indeed was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you
21who through Him believe in God, who raised Him from the dead and gave Him glory, so that your faith and hope are in God.
22Since you have purified your souls in obeying the truth through the Spirit in sincere love of the brethren, love one another fervently with a pure heart,
23having been born again, not of corruptible seed but incorruptible, through the word of God which lives and abides forever,
24because “All flesh is as grass, And all the glory of man as the flower of the grass. The grass withers, And its flower falls away,
25But the word of the Lord endures forever.” Now this is the word which by the gospel was preached to you.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Peter 1.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The apostle blesses God for his special benefits through Christ. (1–9). Salvation by Christ foretold in ancient prophecy. (10–12). All are exhorted to holy conversation. (13–16). Such as is suitable to their principles, privileges, and obligations. (17–25).
vv1-9
This epistle is addressed to believers in general, who are strangers in every city or country where they live, and are scattered through the nations. These are to ascribe their salvation to the electing love of the Father, the redemption of the Son, and the sanctification of the Holy Ghost; and so to give glory to one God in three Persons, into whose name they had been baptized. Hope, in the world's phrase, refers only to an uncertain good, for all worldly hopes are tottering, built upon sand, and the worldling's hopes of heaven are blind and groundless conjectures. But the hope of the sons of the living God is a living hope; not only as to its object, but as to its effect also. It enlivens and comforts in all distresses, enables to meet and get over all difficulties. Mercy is the spring of all this; yea, great mercy and manifold mercy. And this well-grounded hope of salvation, is an active and living principle of obedience in the soul of the believer. The matter of a Christian's joy, is the remembrance of the happiness laid up for him. It is incorruptible, it cannot come to nothing, it is an estate that cannot be spent. Also undefiled; this signifies its purity and perfection. And it fadeth not; is not sometimes more or less pleasant, but ever the same, still like itself. All possessions here are stained with defects and failings; still something is wanting: fair houses have sad cares flying about the gilded and ceiled roofs; soft beds and full tables, are often with sick bodies and uneasy stomachs. All possessions are stained with sin, either in getting or in using them. How ready we are to turn the things we possess into occasions and instruments of sin, and to think there is no liberty or delight in their use, without abusing them! Worldly possessions are uncertain and soon pass away, like the flowers and plants of the field. That must be of the greatest worth, which is laid up in the highest and best place, in heaven. Happy are those whose hearts the Holy Spirit sets on this inheritance. God not only gives his people grace, but preserves them unto glory. Every believer has always something wherein he may greatly rejoice; it should show itself in the countenance and conduct. The Lord does not willingly afflict, yet his wise love often appoints sharp trials, to show his people their hearts, and to do them good at the latter end. Gold does not increase by trial in the fire, it becomes less; but faith is made firm, and multiplied, by troubles and afflictions. Gold must perish at last, and can only purchase perishing things, while the trial of faith will be found to praise, and honour, and glory. Let this reconcile us to present afflictions. Seek then to believe Christ's excellence in himself, and his love to us; this will kindle such a fire in the heart as will make it rise up in a sacrifice of love to him. And the glory of God and our own happiness are so united, that if we sincerely seek the one now, we shall attain the other when the soul shall no more be subject to evil. The certainty of this hope is as if believers had already received it.
vv10-12
Jesus Christ was the main subject of the prophets' studies. Their inquiry into the sufferings of Christ and the glories that should follow, would lead to a view of the whole gospel, the sum whereof is, That Christ Jesus was delivered for our offences, and raised again for our justification. God is pleased to answer our necessities rather than our requests. The doctrine of the prophets, and that of the apostles, exactly agree, as coming from the same Spirit of God. The gospel is the ministration of the Spirit; its success depends upon his operation and blessing. Let us then search diligently those Scriptures which contain the doctrines of salvation.
vv13-16
As the traveller, the racer, the warrior, and the labourer, gathered in their long and loose garments, that they might be ready in their business, so let Christians do by their minds and affections. Be sober, be watchful against all spiritual dangers and enemies, and be temperate in all behaviour. Be sober-minded in opinion, as well as in practice, and humble in your judgment of yourselves. A strong and perfect trust in the grace of God, is agreeable with best endeavours in our duty. Holiness is the desire and duty of every Christian. It must be in all affairs, in every condition, and towards all people. We must especially watch and pray against the sins to which we are inclined. The written word of God is the surest rule of a Christian's life, and by this rule we are commanded to be holy every way. God makes those holy whom he saves.
Key Words
Πέτρος (Pétros): a (piece of) rock (larger than G3037 (λίθος)); as a name, Petrus, an apostle
ἀπόστολος (apóstolos): a delegate; specially, an ambassador of the Gospel; officially a commissioner of Christ ("apostle") (with miraculous powers)
Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs): Jesus (i.e. Jehoshua), the name of our Lord and two (three) other Israelites
Χριστός (Christós): anointed, i.e. the Messiah, an epithet of Jesus
παρεπίδημος (parepídēmos): an alien alongside, i.e. a resident foreigner
διασπορά (diasporá): dispersion, i.e. (specially and concretely) the (converted) Israelite resident in Gentile countries
Πόντος (Póntos): a sea; Pontus, a region of Asia Minor
Γαλατία (Galatía): Galatia, a region of Asia
Καππαδοκία (Kappadokía): Cappadocia, a region of Asia Minor
Ἀσία (Asía): Asia, i.e. Asia Minor, or (usually) only its western shore
Cross References
1 Peter 1Direct Old Testament quotation: 'Be ye holy; for I am holy,' reinforcing God's call to holiness.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Direct Old Testament quotation; repeating the foundational commandment of personal holiness under the Law.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Direct Old Testament quotation comparing human frailty (grass) with the enduring word of the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
The premier prophetic text foretelling the 'sufferings of Christ and the glory that should follow.'
Supported by Matthew Henry
Confirms the prophets spoke by the 'Spirit of Christ' (the Holy Ghost) driving their messianic witness.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Alludes to eating the Passover with loins girded; signals readiness for spiritual pilgrimage.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallels Christ's blood as a lamb 'without blemish' and spot offering perfect spiritual purification.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Echoes the pattern of Christ's sufferings followed by the glory given to Him by God.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Parallel theological concept of being born again by the word of truth as incorruptible seed.
Supported by John Calvin, JFB
Underlies the covenant ritual of 'sprinkling of the blood,' now fulfilled in Christ.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Explicates the theological link between God's 'foreknowledge' and being conformed to Christ's image.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Pronounces blessing on those who, like Peter's readers, have not seen Christ yet believe.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Details the 'former lusts in your ignorance' that the believers must abandon.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Echoes being chosen/foreordained before the foundation of the world for holiness and election.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Links being 'born again' here to the 'begotten again' unto a lively hope in verse 3.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Jesus explicitly defines the seed of spiritual regeneration as the word of God.
Supported by John Calvin, JFB
Verbal echo of the rich man fading away like the flower of the grass.
Supported by JFB
Addresses the 'scattered' believers (dispersion) using the same distinct terminology.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Links God's foreknowledge and determinate counsel to the unfolding of redemptive history.
Supported by JFB
The Old Testament metaphor of God testing and refining His people like silver/gold.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies Christ directly as the sacrificial Lamb of God who takes away sin.
Supported by JFB
The Passover lamb requirement of being 'without blemish' prefigures Christ's perfect spotlessness.
Supported by JFB
Focuses on God as the agent who raised our Lord Jesus from the dead.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Links 'obeying the truth' with the 'obedience' of believers mentioned in the greeting.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Connects regeneration and faith to hearing the preached word of God.
Supported by John Calvin
Identifies the eternal, abiding word specifically with the gospel message preached to them.
Supported by JFB