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Ruth1

King James Version · Public Domain

1Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Beth–lehem–judah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.

2And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Beth–lehem–judah. And they came into the country of Moab, and continued there.

3And Elimelech Naomi's husband died; and she was left, and her two sons.

4And they took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they dwelled there about ten years.

5And Mahlon and Chilion died also both of them; and the woman was left of her two sons and her husband.

6Then she arose with her daughters in law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that the Lord had visited his people in giving them bread.

7Wherefore she went forth out of the place where she was, and her two daughters in law with her; and they went on the way to return unto the land of Judah.

8And Naomi said unto her two daughters in law, Go, return each to her mother's house: the Lord deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead, and with me.

9The Lord grant you that ye may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband. Then she kissed them; and they lifted up their voice, and wept.

10And they said unto her, Surely we will return with thee unto thy people.

11And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters: why will ye go with me? are there yet any more sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?

12Turn again, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have an husband. If I should say, I have hope, if I should have an husband also to night, and should also bear sons;

13Would ye tarry for them till they were grown? would ye stay for them from having husbands? nay, my daughters; for it grieveth me much for your sakes that the hand of the Lord is gone out against me.

14And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother in law; but Ruth clave unto her.

15And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law.

16And Ruth said, Entreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God:

17Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the Lord do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me.

18When she saw that she was stedfastly minded to go with her, then she left speaking unto her.

19So they two went until they came to Beth–lehem. And it came to pass, when they were come to Beth–lehem, that all the city was moved about them, and they said, Is this Naomi?

20And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara: for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me.

21I went out full, and the Lord hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the Lord hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?

22So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter in law, with her, which returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Beth–lehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Ruth 1.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Elimelech and his sons die in the land of Moab. (1–5). Naomi returns home. (6–14). Orpah stays behind, but Ruth goes with Naomi. (15–18). They come to Bethlehem. (19–22).

vv1-5

Elimelech's care to provide for his family, was not to be blamed; but his removal into the country of Moab could not be justified. And the removal ended in the wasting of his family. It is folly to think of escaping that cross, which, being laid in our way, we ought to take up. Changing our place seldom is mending it. Those who bring young people into bad acquaintance, and take them out of the way of public ordinances, thought they may think them well-principled, and armed against temptation, know not what will be the end. It does not appear that the women the sons of Elimelech married, were proselyted to the Jewish religion. Earthly trials or enjoyments are of short continuance. Death continually removes those of every age and situation, and mars all our outward comforts: we cannot too strongly prefer those advantages which shall last for ever.

vv6-14

Naomi began to think of returning, after the death of her two sons. When death comes into a family, it ought to reform what is amiss there. Earth is made bitter to us, that heaven may be made dear. Naomi seems to have been a person of faith and piety. She dismissed her daughters-in-law with prayer. It is very proper for friends, when they part, to part with them thus part in love. Did Naomi do well, to discourage her daughters from going with her, when she might save them from the idolatry of Moab, and bring them to the faith and worship of the God of Israel? Naomi, no doubt, desired to do that; but if they went with her, she would not have them to go upon her account. Those that take upon them a profession of religion only to oblige their friends, or for the sake of company, will be converts of small value. If they did come with her, she would have them make it their deliberate choice, and sit down first and count the cost, as it concerns those to do who make a profession of religion. And more desire “rest in the house of a husband,” or some wordly settlement or earthly satisfaction, than the rest to which Christ invites our souls; therefore when tried they will depart from Christ, though perhaps with some sorrow.

vv15-18

See Ruth's resolution, and her good affection to Naomi. Orpah was loth to part from her; yet she did not love her well enough to leave Moab for her sake. Thus, many have a value and affection for Christ, yet come short of salvation by him, because they will not forsake other things for him. They love him, yet leave him, because they do not love him enough, but love other things better. Ruth is an example of the grace of God, inclining the soul to choose the better part. Naomi could desire no more than the solemn declaration Ruth made. See the power of resolution; it silences temptation. Those that go in religious ways without a stedfast mind, stand like a door half open, which invites a thief; but resolution shuts and bolts the door, resists the devil and forces him to flee.

Cross References

Ruth 1
v11Deuteronomy 25:5thematic

Naomi's question alludes to the ancient law of levirate marriage, later formalized in Deuteronomy.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Deuteronomy 7:3thematic

Marrying Moabite women violated Mosaic prohibitions against intermarrying with neighboring idolatrous nations.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Moabites were excluded from the assembly, highlighting the problematic nature of the sons' marriages.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v21Job 1:21thematic

Naomi's confession of returning empty parallels Job's acknowledgment of God's sovereign right to give and take.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v2Genesis 35:19thematic

Identifies Bethlehem's ancient name, Ephrath, establishing the geographical and historical background.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v2Micah 5:2thematic

Links Ephratah with Bethlehem-Judah, later famous as the birthplace of the Davidic Messiah.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11Genesis 38:11thematic

Parallel ancient custom of sending a widowed daughter-in-law home to wait for younger sons.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v162 Samuel 15:21thematic

Ittai's absolute vow of loyalty to David strongly parallels Ruth's devotion to Naomi.

v20Exodus 15:23thematic

Naomi's self-naming as Mara ('bitter') echoes the bitter waters of Marah.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v21Job 27:2thematic

Job also refers to God as 'the Almighty' who has bittered or vexed his soul.

v211 Samuel 2:7thematic

Hannah's song celebrates Yahweh's sovereignty in making poor and making rich, echoing Naomi's experience.

v6Exodus 4:31thematic

God 'visiting' His people to relieve their suffering, similar to Naomi's report of bread.

v8Luke 14:26-33thematic

Naomi bids her daughters-in-law count the cost, illustrating Christ's terms of true discipleship.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v15Joshua 24:15contrast

Joshua presents a choice of gods, parallel to Naomi testing Ruth's choice of faith.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v171 Samuel 3:17thematic

The standard ancient Israelite self-imprecation formula ('The Lord do so to me, and more also').

v21Job 16:8thematic

Parallels Naomi's language of affliction standing as a testimony or witness against her.

v4Matthew 1:5thematic

Traces Ruth's ultimate inclusion into the genealogy of Jesus Christ.

v22Matthew 1:5typology

Highlights the redemptive historical goal of Ruth the Moabitess arriving in Bethlehem for David's lineage.