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Ruth1

World English Bible · Public Domain

1In the days when the judges judged, there was a famine in the land. A certain man of Bethlehem Judah went to live in the country of Moab with his wife and his two sons.

2The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah. They came into the country of Moab and lived there.

3Elimelech, Naomi’s husband, died; and she was left with her two sons.

4They took for themselves wives of the women of Moab. The name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. They lived there about ten years.

5Mahlon and Chilion both died, and the woman was bereaved of her two children and of her husband.

6Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab; for she had heard in the country of Moab how Yahweh had visited his people in giving them bread.

7She went out of the place where she was, and her two daughters-in-law with her. They went on the way to return to the land of Judah.

8Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, “Go, return each of you to her mother’s house. May Yahweh deal kindly with you, as you have dealt with the dead and with me.

9May Yahweh grant you that you may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband.” Then she kissed them, and they lifted up their voices, and wept.

10They said to her, “No, but we will return with you to your people.”

11Naomi said, “Go back, my daughters. Why do you want to go with me? Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?

12Go back, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, ‘I have hope,’ if I should even have a husband tonight, and should also bear sons,

13would you then wait until they were grown? Would you then refrain from having husbands? No, my daughters, for it grieves me seriously for your sakes, for Yahweh’s hand has gone out against me.”

14They lifted up their voices and wept again; then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth stayed with her.

15She said, “Behold, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her god. Follow your sister-in-law.”

16Ruth said, “Don’t urge me to leave you, and to return from following you, for where you go, I will go; and where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God my God.

17Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. May Yahweh do so to me, and more also, if anything but death parts you and me.”

18When Naomi saw that she was determined to go with her, she stopped urging her.

19So they both went until they came to Bethlehem. When they had come to Bethlehem, all the city was excited about them, and they asked, “Is this Naomi?”

20She said to them, “Don’t call me Naomi. Call me Mara, for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me.

21I went out full, and Yahweh has brought me home again empty. Why do you call me Naomi, since Yahweh has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me?”

22So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Ruth 1.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Elimelech and his sons die in the land of Moab. (1–5). Naomi returns home. (6–14). Orpah stays behind, but Ruth goes with Naomi. (15–18). They come to Bethlehem. (19–22).

vv1-5

Elimelech's care to provide for his family, was not to be blamed; but his removal into the country of Moab could not be justified. And the removal ended in the wasting of his family. It is folly to think of escaping that cross, which, being laid in our way, we ought to take up. Changing our place seldom is mending it. Those who bring young people into bad acquaintance, and take them out of the way of public ordinances, thought they may think them well-principled, and armed against temptation, know not what will be the end. It does not appear that the women the sons of Elimelech married, were proselyted to the Jewish religion. Earthly trials or enjoyments are of short continuance. Death continually removes those of every age and situation, and mars all our outward comforts: we cannot too strongly prefer those advantages which shall last for ever.

vv6-14

Naomi began to think of returning, after the death of her two sons. When death comes into a family, it ought to reform what is amiss there. Earth is made bitter to us, that heaven may be made dear. Naomi seems to have been a person of faith and piety. She dismissed her daughters-in-law with prayer. It is very proper for friends, when they part, to part with them thus part in love. Did Naomi do well, to discourage her daughters from going with her, when she might save them from the idolatry of Moab, and bring them to the faith and worship of the God of Israel? Naomi, no doubt, desired to do that; but if they went with her, she would not have them to go upon her account. Those that take upon them a profession of religion only to oblige their friends, or for the sake of company, will be converts of small value. If they did come with her, she would have them make it their deliberate choice, and sit down first and count the cost, as it concerns those to do who make a profession of religion. And more desire “rest in the house of a husband,” or some wordly settlement or earthly satisfaction, than the rest to which Christ invites our souls; therefore when tried they will depart from Christ, though perhaps with some sorrow.

vv15-18

See Ruth's resolution, and her good affection to Naomi. Orpah was loth to part from her; yet she did not love her well enough to leave Moab for her sake. Thus, many have a value and affection for Christ, yet come short of salvation by him, because they will not forsake other things for him. They love him, yet leave him, because they do not love him enough, but love other things better. Ruth is an example of the grace of God, inclining the soul to choose the better part. Naomi could desire no more than the solemn declaration Ruth made. See the power of resolution; it silences temptation. Those that go in religious ways without a stedfast mind, stand like a door half open, which invites a thief; but resolution shuts and bolts the door, resists the devil and forces him to flee.

Cross References

Ruth 1
v11Deuteronomy 25:5thematic

Naomi's question alludes to the ancient law of levirate marriage, later formalized in Deuteronomy.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Deuteronomy 7:3thematic

Marrying Moabite women violated Mosaic prohibitions against intermarrying with neighboring idolatrous nations.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Moabites were excluded from the assembly, highlighting the problematic nature of the sons' marriages.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v21Job 1:21thematic

Naomi's confession of returning empty parallels Job's acknowledgment of God's sovereign right to give and take.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v2Genesis 35:19thematic

Identifies Bethlehem's ancient name, Ephrath, establishing the geographical and historical background.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v2Micah 5:2thematic

Links Ephratah with Bethlehem-Judah, later famous as the birthplace of the Davidic Messiah.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11Genesis 38:11thematic

Parallel ancient custom of sending a widowed daughter-in-law home to wait for younger sons.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v162 Samuel 15:21thematic

Ittai's absolute vow of loyalty to David strongly parallels Ruth's devotion to Naomi.

v20Exodus 15:23thematic

Naomi's self-naming as Mara ('bitter') echoes the bitter waters of Marah.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v21Job 27:2thematic

Job also refers to God as 'the Almighty' who has bittered or vexed his soul.

v211 Samuel 2:7thematic

Hannah's song celebrates Yahweh's sovereignty in making poor and making rich, echoing Naomi's experience.

v6Exodus 4:31thematic

God 'visiting' His people to relieve their suffering, similar to Naomi's report of bread.

v8Luke 14:26-33thematic

Naomi bids her daughters-in-law count the cost, illustrating Christ's terms of true discipleship.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v15Joshua 24:15contrast

Joshua presents a choice of gods, parallel to Naomi testing Ruth's choice of faith.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v171 Samuel 3:17thematic

The standard ancient Israelite self-imprecation formula ('The Lord do so to me, and more also').

v21Job 16:8thematic

Parallels Naomi's language of affliction standing as a testimony or witness against her.

v4Matthew 1:5thematic

Traces Ruth's ultimate inclusion into the genealogy of Jesus Christ.

v22Matthew 1:5typology

Highlights the redemptive historical goal of Ruth the Moabitess arriving in Bethlehem for David's lineage.