Genesis38
World English Bible · Public Domain
1At that time, Judah went down from his brothers, and visited a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah.
2There, Judah saw the daughter of a certain Canaanite man named Shua. He took her, and went in to her.
3She conceived, and bore a son; and he named him Er.
4She conceived again, and bore a son; and she named him Onan.
5She yet again bore a son, and named him Shelah. He was at Chezib when she bore him.
6Judah took a wife for Er, his firstborn, and her name was Tamar.
7Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in Yahweh’s sight. So Yahweh killed him.
8Judah said to Onan, “Go in to your brother’s wife, and perform the duty of a husband’s brother to her, and raise up offspring for your brother.”
9Onan knew that the offspring wouldn’t be his; and when he went in to his brother’s wife, he spilled his semen on the ground, lest he should give offspring to his brother.
10The thing which he did was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and he killed him also.
11Then Judah said to Tamar, his daughter-in-law, “Remain a widow in your father’s house, until Shelah, my son, is grown up;” for he said, “Lest he also die, like his brothers.” Tamar went and lived in her father’s house.
12After many days, Shua’s daughter, the wife of Judah, died. Judah was comforted, and went up to his sheep shearers to Timnah, he and his friend Hirah, the Adullamite.
13Tamar was told, “Behold, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep.”
14She took off the garments of her widowhood, and covered herself with her veil, and wrapped herself, and sat in the gate of Enaim, which is on the way to Timnah; for she saw that Shelah was grown up, and she wasn’t given to him as a wife.
15When Judah saw her, he thought that she was a prostitute, for she had covered her face.
16He turned to her by the way, and said, “Please come, let me come in to you,” for he didn’t know that she was his daughter-in-law. She said, “What will you give me, that you may come in to me?”
17He said, “I will send you a young goat from the flock.” She said, “Will you give me a pledge, until you send it?”
18He said, “What pledge will I give you?” She said, “Your signet and your cord, and your staff that is in your hand.” He gave them to her, and came in to her, and she conceived by him.
19She arose, and went away, and put off her veil from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.
20Judah sent the young goat by the hand of his friend, the Adullamite, to receive the pledge from the woman’s hand, but he didn’t find her.
21Then he asked the men of her place, saying, “Where is the prostitute, that was at Enaim by the road?” They said, “There has been no prostitute here.”
22He returned to Judah, and said, “I haven’t found her; and also the men of the place said, ‘There has been no prostitute here.’”
23Judah said, “Let her keep it, lest we be shamed. Behold, I sent this young goat, and you haven’t found her.”
24About three months later, Judah was told, “Tamar, your daughter-in-law, has played the prostitute. Moreover, behold, she is with child by prostitution.” Judah said, “Bring her out, and let her be burned.”
25When she was brought out, she sent to her father-in-law, saying, “I am with child by the man who owns these.” She also said, “Please discern whose these are—the signet, and the cords, and the staff.”
26Judah acknowledged them, and said, “She is more righteous than I, because I didn’t give her to Shelah, my son.” He knew her again no more.
27In the time of her travail, behold, twins were in her womb.
28When she travailed, one put out a hand, and the midwife took and tied a scarlet thread on his hand, saying, “This came out first.”
29As he drew back his hand, behold, his brother came out, and she said, “Why have you made a breach for yourself?” Therefore his name was called Perez.
30Afterward his brother came out, who had the scarlet thread on his hand, and his name was called Zerah.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 38.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The profligate conduct of Judah and his family. (1-30).
vv1-30
This chapter gives an account of Judah and his family, and such an account it is, that it seems a wonder that of all Jacob's sons, our Lord should spring out of Judah, Heb 7:14. But God will show that his choice is of grace and not of merit, and that Christ came into the world to save sinners, even the chief. Also, that the worthiness of Christ is of himself, and not from his ancestors. How little reason had the Jews, who were so called from this Judah, to boast as they did, Joh 8:41. What awful examples the Lord proclaims in his punishments, of his utter displeasure at sin! Let us seek grace from God to avoid every appearance of sin. And let that state of humbleness to which Jesus submitted, when he came to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself, in appointing such characters as those here recorded, to be his ancestors, endear the Redeemer to our hearts.
Key Words
עֵת: time, especially (adverb with preposition) now, when, etc.
יְהוּדָה: Jehudah (or Judah), the name of five Israelites; also of the tribe descended from the first, and of its territory
יָרַד: to descend (literally, to go downwards; or conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary, the enemy, etc.; or figuratively, to fall); causatively, to bring down (in all the above applications)
אָח: a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father))
נָטָה: to stretch or spread out; by implication, to bend away (including moral deflection); used in a great variety of application
אִישׁ: a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
עֲדֻלָּמִי: an Adullamite or native of Adullam
שֵׁם: an appellation, as amark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character
חִירָה: Chirah, an Adullamite
רָאָה: to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
Cross References
Genesis 38The explicit law of the levirate marriage, first historically illustrated in Onan's duty to Tamar.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Pharez and Tamar are listed in the genealogy of Jesus, showing His line of grace.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Confirms the sons of Judah, including Er, Onan, and the birth of Pharez and Zerah.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Genealogical confirmation of Er being evil in the sight of Yahweh and His slaying him.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The ancient custom of burning as punishment for playing the harlot (specifically priests' daughters).
Supported by JFB
Poetic justice: Judah is asked to 'discern' items, just as he asked his father to discern Joseph's coat.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Verbal parallel where Saul, like Judah, admits: 'Thou art more righteous than I.'
Supported by Matthew Poole
Identifies the city and location of Adullam, where Judah turned in to Hirah.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The Sadducees cite this levirate custom in their debate with Jesus over the resurrection.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Defines what it means to be exceptionally 'wicked before the Lord' in Genesis context.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Verbal match: 'the thing displeased the LORD', used similarly of David's sin.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Parallel struggle of twins in the womb, recalling the birth of Esau and Jacob.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The attire of a harlot and the deceptive behavior of covering the face.
Further biblical reference to the rare practice of death by burning for adultery/offenses.
Supported by JFB