1 Samuel19
American Standard Version · Public Domain
1And Saul spake to Jonathan his son, and to all his servants, that they should slay David. But Jonathan, Saul’s son, delighted much in David.
2And Jonathan told David, saying, Saul my father seeketh to slay thee: now therefore, I pray thee, take heed to thyself in the morning, and abide in a secret place, and hide thyself:
3and I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where thou art, and I will commune with my father of thee; and if I see aught, I will tell thee.
4And Jonathan spake good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him, Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his works have been to thee-ward very good:
5for he put his life in his hand, and smote the Philistine, and Jehovah wrought a great victory for all Israel: thou sawest it, and didst rejoice; wherefore then wilt thou sin against innocent blood, to slay David without a cause?
6And Saul hearkened unto the voice of Jonathan: and Saul sware, As Jehovah liveth, he shall not be put to death.
7And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan showed him all those things. And Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence, as beforetime.
8And there was war again: and David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter; and they fled before him.
9And an evil spirit from Jehovah was upon Saul, as he sat in his house with his spear in his hand; and David was playing with his hand.
10And Saul sought to smite David even to the wall with the spear; but he slipped away out of Saul’s presence, and he smote the spear into the wall: and David fled, and escaped that night.
11And Saul sent messengers unto David’s house, to watch him, and to slay him in the morning: and Michal, David’s wife, told him, saying, If thou save not thy life to-night, to-morrow thou wilt be slain.
12So Michal let David down through the window: and he went, and fled, and escaped.
13And Michal took the teraphim, and laid it in the bed, and put a pillow of goats’ hair at the head thereof, and covered it with the clothes.
14And when Saul sent messengers to take David, she said, He is sick.
15And Saul sent the messengers to see David, saying, Bring him up to me in the bed, that I may slay him.
16And when the messengers came in, behold, the teraphim was in the bed, with the pillow of goats’ hair at the head thereof.
17And Saul said unto Michal, Why hast thou deceived me thus, and let mine enemy go, so that he is escaped? And Michal answered Saul, He said unto me, Let me go; why should I kill thee?
18Now David fled, and escaped, and came to Samuel to Ramah, and told him all that Saul had done to him. And he and Samuel went and dwelt in Naioth.
19And it was told Saul, saying, Behold, David is at Naioth in Ramah.
20And Saul sent messengers to take David: and when they saw the company of the prophets prophesying, and Samuel standing as head over them, the Spirit of God came upon the messengers of Saul, and they also prophesied.
21And when it was told Saul, he sent other messengers, and they also prophesied. And Saul sent messengers again the third time, and they also prophesied.
22Then went he also to Ramah, and came to the great well that is in Secu: and he asked and said, Where are Samuel and David? And one said, Behold, they are at Naioth in Ramah.
23And he went thither to Naioth in Ramah: and the Spirit of God came upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied, until he came to Naioth in Ramah.
24And he also stripped off his clothes, and he also prophesied before Samuel, and lay down naked all that day and all that night. Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets?
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 19.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Jonathan reconciles his father to David, Saul again tries to slay him. (1–10). David flees to Samuel. (11–24).
vv1-10
How forcible are right words! Saul was, for a time, convinced of the unreasonableness of his enmity to David; but he continued his malice against David. So incurable is the hatred of the seed of the serpent against that of the woman; so deceitful and desperately wicked is the heart of man without the grace of God, Jer 17:9.
vv11-24
Michal's stratagem to gain time till David got to a distance was allowable, but her falsehood had not even the plea of necessity to excuse it, and manifests that she was not influenced by the same spirit of piety which had dictated Jonathan's language to Saul. In flying to Samuel, David made God his refuge. Samuel, as a prophet, was best able to advise him what to do in this day of distress. He met with little rest or satisfaction in Saul's court, therefore went to seek it in Samuel's church. What little pleasure is to be had in this world, those have who live a life of communion with God; to that David returned in the time of trouble. So impatient was Saul after David's blood, so restless against him, that although baffled by one providence after another, he could not see that David was under the special protection of God. And when God will take this way to protect David, even Saul prophesies. Many have great gifts, yet no grace; they may prophesy in Christ's name, yet are disowned by him. Let us daily seek for renewing grace, which shall be in us as a well of water springing up into everlasting life. Let us cleave to truth and holiness with full purpose of heart. In every danger and trouble, let us seek protection, comfort, and direction in God's ordinances.
Key Words
שָׁאוּל: Shaul, the name of an Edomite and two Israelites
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
יוֹנָתָן: Jonathan, the name of ten Israelites
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
עֶבֶד: a servant
מוּת: to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill
דָּוִד: David, the youngest son of Jesse
יְהוֹנָתָן: Jehonathan, the name of four Israelites
חָפֵץ: properly, to incline to; by implication (literally but rarely) to bend; figuratively, to be pleased with, desire
Cross References
1 Samuel 19Poole notes the idiomatic expression 'put his life in his hand' matches Jephthah's exact Hebrew phrasing.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Jonathan's defense refers directly to David slaying the Philistine giant, Goliath.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
SAul's previous attempt to spear David under the influence of the evil spirit.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Echoes Saul's earlier attempt to pin David to the wall with a javelin.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
David wrote Psalm 59 specifically when Saul's messengers watched his house to kill him.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Michal letting David down through a window directly mirrors Rahab letting the spies escape.
Supported by JFB
The 'teraphim' image Michal used matches Rachel's stolen household gods, showing lingering domestic superstition.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The repeat of Saul's ecstatic prophesying, renewing the proverb 'Is Saul among the prophets?'
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallel escape from a window in a basket, used by Paul to elude captors.
Saul's messengers sent to arrest David are subdued by God's Spirit, like temple officers sent for Jesus.
Supported by JFB
The Spirit of God overwhelming a group of people, causing them to prophesy similarly.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Jonathan's repeated appeal to Saul's sense of justice regarding David's innocence.
David flees to Ramah, where Samuel resided after his final break with Saul.
Supported by JFB
The school/company of the prophets under Samuel's supervision, previously encountered by Saul.
Supported by JFB
Illustrates how people can possess prophetic gifts without possessing saving grace, like Saul.
Supported by Matthew Henry