1 Samuel 23ASV
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1 Samuel23

American Standard Version · Public Domain

1And they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines are fighting against Keilah, and are robbing the threshing-floors.

2Therefore David inquired of Jehovah, saying, Shall I go and smite these Philistines? And Jehovah said unto David, Go, and smite the Philistines, and save Keilah.

3And David’s men said unto him, Behold, we are afraid here in Judah: how much more then if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?

4Then David inquired of Jehovah yet again. And Jehovah answered him, and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into thy hand.

5And David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and slew them with a great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.

6And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand.

7And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul said, God hath delivered him into my hand; for he is shut in, by entering into a town that hath gates and bars.

8And Saul summoned all the people to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men.

9And David knew that Saul was devising mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod.

10Then said David, O Jehovah, the God of Israel, thy servant hath surely heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake.

11Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard? O Jehovah, the God of Israel, I beseech thee, tell thy servant. And Jehovah said, He will come down.

12Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver up me and my men into the hand of Saul? And Jehovah said, They will deliver thee up.

13Then David and his men, who were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go forth.

14And David abode in the wilderness in the strongholds, and remained in the hill-country in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand.

15And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David was in the wilderness of Ziph in the wood.

16And Jonathan, Saul’s son, arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God.

17And he said unto him, Fear not; for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth.

18And they two made a covenant before Jehovah: and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan went to his house.

19Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself with us in the strongholds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of the desert?

20Now therefore, O king, come down, according to all the desire of thy soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him up into the king’s hand.

21And Saul said, Blessed be ye of Jehovah; for ye have had compassion on me.

22Go, I pray you, make yet more sure, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who hath seen him there; for it is told me that he dealeth very subtly.

23See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking-places where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me of a certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the land, that I will search him out among all the thousands of Judah.

24And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the Arabah on the south of the desert.

25And Saul and his men went to seek him. And they told David: wherefore he came down to the rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon. And when Saul heard that, he pursued after David in the wilderness of Maon.

26And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round about to take them.

27But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have made a raid upon the land.

28So Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Sela-hammahlekoth.

29And David went up from thence, and dwelt in the strongholds of En-gedi.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 23.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: David rescues Keilah. (1–6). God warns him to escape from Keilah. (7–13). Jonathan comforts David. (14–18). He is rescued from Saul by an invasion of the Philistines. (19–29).

vv1-6

When princes persecute God's people, let them expect vexation on all sides. The way for any country to be quiet, is to let God's church be quiet in it: if Saul fight against David, the Philistines fight against his country. David considered himself the protector of the land. Thus did the Saviour Jesus, and left us an example. Those are unlike David, who sullenly decline to do good, if they are not rewarded for services.

vv7-13

Well might David complain of his enemies, that they rewarded him evil for good, and that for his love they were his adversaries. Christ was used thus basely. David applied to his great Protector for direction. No sooner was the ephod brought him than he made use of it. We have the Scriptures in our hands, let us take advice from them in doubtful cases. Say, Bring hither the Bible. David's address to God is very solemn, also very particular. God allows us to be so in our addresses to him; Lord, direct me in this matter, about which I am now at a loss. God knows not only what will be, but what would be, if it were not hindered; therefore he knows how to deliver the godly out of temptation, and how to render to every man according to his works.

vv14-18

David made no attempt against Saul; he kept God's way, waited God's time, and was content to secure himself in woods and wildernesses. Let it make us think the worse of this world, which often gives such bad treatment to its best men: let it make us long for that kingdom where goodness shall for ever be in glory, and holiness in honour. We find Jonathan comforting David. As a pious friend, he directed him to God, the Foundation of his comfort. As a self-denying friend, he takes pleasure in the prospect of David's advancement to the throne. As a constant friend, he renewed his friendship with him. Our covenant with God should be often renewed, and therein our communion with him kept up. If the converse of one friend, at one meeting, gives comfort and strengthens our hearts, what may not be expected from the continual supports and powerful love of the Saviour of sinners, the covenanted Friend of believers!

Cross References

1 Samuel 23
v61 Samuel 22:20thematic

Abiathar escapes the Nob massacre of priests and joins David, carrying the high priest's ephod.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Exodus 28:30thematic

The ephod contained the Urim and Thummim, by which David enquired of the Lord.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v191 Samuel 26:1thematic

The Ziphites betray David's hiding place in the hill of Hachilah to Saul again later.

Supported by JFB

v291 Samuel 24:1thematic

Following the Philistine diversion, David moves and dwells in the strongholds of Engedi.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v1Joshua 15:44thematic

Identifies Keilah as a city allocated to the tribe of Judah.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v181 Samuel 18:3thematic

David and Jonathan renew the solemn covenant of friendship they had previously established.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v272 Kings 19:9thematic

God uses a foreign military invasion to divert a persecutor and deliver His servant.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v1Jude 6:11thematic

Illustrates the practice of using vulnerable threshing floors, often targets for enemy raiders.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v22 Samuel 2:1thematic

David's consistent practice of enquiring of the Lord before engaging in military campaigns.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v14Psalms 54:3thematic

David's prayer in Psalm 54 specifically laments the betrayal by the Ziphites seeking his life.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v171 Samuel 24:20thematic

Jonathan's certainty that David will be king is later confessed by Saul himself.

Supported by JFB

v241 Samuel 25:2thematic

Establishes Maon as a geographical location in the south of Judah near Carmel.

Supported by JFB

v16Proverbs 27:9thematic

Jonathan's counsel illustrates how a friend's hearty counsel brings sweetness and strength.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v191 Samuel 22:7thematic

Contrast's Saul's complaint of conspiracy with the Ziphites' ready betrayal of David.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Identifies Hazazon-tamar as Engedi, located by the Dead Sea wilderness.

Supported by JFB