Leviticus11
King James Version · Public Domain
1And the Lord spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them,
2Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the beasts which ye shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth.
3Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.
4Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.
5And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.
6And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.
7And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you.
8Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not touch; they are unclean to you.
9These shall ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat.
10And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which is in the waters, they shall be an abomination unto you:
11They shall be even an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, but ye shall have their carcases in abomination.
12Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you.
13And these are they which ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,
14And the vulture, and the kite after his kind;
15Every raven after his kind;
16And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,
17And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl,
18And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle,
19And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.
20All fowls that creep, going upon all four, shall be an abomination unto you.
21Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth upon all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon the earth;
22Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind.
23But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you.
24And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even.
25And whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.
26The carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted, nor cheweth the cud, are unclean unto you: every one that toucheth them shall be unclean.
27And whatsoever goeth upon his paws, among all manner of beasts that go on all four, those are unclean unto you: whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even.
28And he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: they are unclean unto you.
29These also shall be unclean unto you among the creeping things that creep upon the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind,
30And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole.
31These are unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean until the even.
32And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherein any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it shall be cleansed.
33And every earthen vessel, whereinto any of them falleth, whatsoever is in it shall be unclean; and ye shall break it.
34Of all meat which may be eaten, that on which such water cometh shall be unclean: and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean.
35And every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean; whether it be oven, or ranges for pots, they shall be broken down: for they are unclean, and shall be unclean unto you.
36Nevertheless a fountain or pit, wherein there is plenty of water, shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean.
37And if any part of their carcase fall upon any sowing seed which is to be sown, it shall be clean.
38But if any water be put upon the seed, and any part of their carcase fall thereon, it shall be unclean unto you.
39And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the carcase thereof shall be unclean until the even.
40And he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.
41And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth shall be an abomination; it shall not be eaten.
42Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon all four, or whatsoever hath more feet among all creeping things that creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they are an abomination.
43Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them, that ye should be defiled thereby.
44For I am the Lord your God: ye shall therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy: neither shall ye defile yourselves with any manner of creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
45For I am the Lord that bringeth you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy.
46This is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth:
47To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Leviticus 11.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: What animals were clean and unclean. (1-47).
vv1-47
These laws seem to have been intended, 1. As a test of the people's obedience, as Adam was forbidden to eat of the tree of knowledge; and to teach them self-denial, and the government of their appetites. 2. To keep the Israelites distinct from other nations. Many also of these forbidden animals were objects of superstition and idolatry to the heathen. 3. The people were taught to make distinctions between the holy and unholy in their companions and intimate connexions. 4. The law forbad, not only the eating of the unclean beasts, but the touching of them. Those who would be kept from any sin, must be careful to avoid all temptations to it, or coming near it. The exceptions are very minute, and all were designed to call forth constant care and exactness in their obedience; and to teach us to obey. Whilst we enjoy our Christian liberty, and are free from such burdensome observances, we must be careful not to abuse our liberty. For the Lord hath redeemed and called his people, that they may be holy, even as he is holy. We must come out, and be separate from the world; we must leave the company of the ungodly, and all needless connexions with those who are dead in sin; we must be zealous of good works devoted followers of God, and companions of his people.
Key Words
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
מֹשֶׁה: Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver
אַהֲרוֹן: Aharon, the brother of Moses
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
זֹאת: this (often used adverb)
חַי: alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively
אָכַל: to eat (literally or figuratively)
בְּהֵמָה: properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)
Cross References
Leviticus 11Parallel Deuteronomic law listing clean and unclean beasts, sharing identical taxonomy and criteria.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
Explicitly quotes the divine injunction here: 'Be ye holy; for I am holy.'
Supported by Matthew Henry
Peter's vision of unclean beasts, signaling the end of these Mosaic food restrictions.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
John the Baptist's diet of locusts directly instantiates the exception for permitted leaping insects in verse 22.
Supported by John Calvin
Parallel Deuteronomic law repeating prohibitions on unclean beasts, cloven hoofs, and chewing the cud.
Directly links the duty of priests to distinguish between the unclean and clean.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Echoes the priestly mandate to teach the people the difference between clean and unclean.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Apostolic instruction that believers are no longer to be judged regarding meat or drink.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Identifies food laws as carnal ordinances imposed until the time of reformation.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Condemns Israel's rebellion, specifically citing eating swine's flesh as an abominable act.
Supported by John Calvin
Deuteronomic parallel prohibiting Israel from eating any beast that dies of itself (carcase).
Priestly prohibition against eating what dies of itself or is torn by beasts, causing uncleanness.
Ezekiel reinforces the prohibition for priests eating anything that died of itself or was torn.
Parallels the warning against making oneself abominable by eating unclean creeping things.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Applies the calling of a holy God as the basis for personal holiness in all conduct.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Explicitly links dietary distinctions to Israel's national separation from other peoples.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Prophetic condemnation of those sanctifying themselves while eating swine's flesh and abominable things.
Supported by John Calvin
Deuteronomy's parallel prohibition of the swine, reiterating its cloven foot yet lack of cud-chewing.
Supported by John Calvin
Parallel Deuteronomic list detailing forbidden unclean birds and flying insects.
Supported by John Calvin, JFB
Markan account of John the Baptist eating locusts, a clean flying insect according to verse 22.
Reinforces the strict prohibition against touching the carcases of unclean animals.
Supported by Matthew Henry
General law regarding uncleanness contracted by touching dead bodies or carcases.
Matches the specific cleansing ritual: earthen vessels must be broken; wooden vessels must be rinsed.
Reiterates that infected earthen vessels must be broken, illustrating their porous, absorbency characteristics.
Commandment to be holy men; forbids eating meat torn of beasts in the field.
The national calling of Israel to be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Condemns priests who failed to distinguish or teach the difference between clean and unclean.
Paul declares nothing is unclean of itself, reversing the ceremonial restrictions of Leviticus.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallel text prohibiting the camel, hare, and coney for failing the dual test.
Supported by John Calvin
Deuteronomic parallel for clean aquatic life requiring fins and scales.
Supported by John Calvin
Ezekiel's vision of unclean creeping things portrayed on the temple walls, echoing these specific prohibitions.
Paul's analogical use of agricultural sowing seed, which remains clean in Leviticus 11.
Ezekiel appeals to his lifelong obedience to the food laws, never eating what died of itself.
Verbal link with 'goeth upon the belly,' the curse pronounced upon the serpent.
Repeats the central covenantal call to national holiness based on Yahweh's own holiness.
Reiterates the command to sanctify oneself and be holy.