1 Kings20
New American Standard
1Now Ben-hadad, king of Aram, gathered all his army, and there were thirty-two kings with him, and horses and chariots. And he went up and besieged Samaria, and fought against it.
2Then he sent messengers to the city to Ahab, king of Israel, and said to him, “This is what Ben-hadad says:
3‘Your silver and your gold are mine; your most beautiful wives and children are also mine.’”
4And the king of Israel replied, “As you say, my lord, O king; I am yours, as well as all that I have.”
5Then the messengers returned and said, “Ben-hadad says this: ‘I did indeed send word to you, saying, “You shall give me your silver, your gold, your wives, and your children”;
6but about this time tomorrow I will send my servants to you, and they will search your house and the houses of your servants; and they will take in their hands everything that is pleasing to your eyes, and take it all away.’”
7Then the king of Israel summoned all the elders of the land and said, “Please be aware and see that this man is looking for trouble; for he sent me his demand for my wives, my children, my silver, and my gold, and I did not refuse him.”
8Then all the elders and all the people said to him, “Do not listen nor consent.”
9So he said to the messengers of Ben-hadad, “Tell my lord the king, ‘Everything that you sent as a demand to your servant at the first, I will do; but this thing I cannot do.’” Then the messengers departed, and brought him word again.
10Ben-hadad sent word to him and said, “May the gods do so to me and more so, if the dust of Samaria will be enough for handfuls for all the people who follow me.”
11Then the king of Israel replied, “Tell him, ‘He who straps on his weapons had better not boast like one who takes them off.’”
12And when Ben-hadad heard this message, while he was drinking with the kings in the temporary shelters, he said to his servants, “Take your positions.” So they took their positions against the city.
13Now behold, a prophet approached Ahab king of Israel, and said, “This is what the Lord says: ‘Have you seen all this great multitude? Behold, I am going to hand them over to you today, and you shall know that I am the Lord.’”
14But Ahab said, “By whom?” So he said, “The Lord says this: ‘By the young men of the leaders of the provinces.’” Then he said, “Who will begin the battle?” And he said, “You will.”
15So he mustered the young men of the leaders of the provinces, and there were 232; and after them he mustered all the people, all the sons of Israel: seven thousand.
16They went out at noon, while Ben-hadad was drinking himself drunk in the temporary shelters with the thirty-two kings who were helping him.
17The young men of the leaders of the provinces went out first; and Ben-hadad sent out scouts, and they reported to him, saying, “Men have come out from Samaria.”
18Then he said, “If they have come out for peace, take them alive; or if they have come out for war, take them alive as well.”
19So these men went out from the city, the young men of the leaders of the provinces, and the army which followed them.
20And they killed, each one, his man; and the Arameans fled and Israel pursued them, and Ben-hadad the king of Aram escaped on a horse with horsemen.
21The king of Israel also went out and struck the horses and chariots, and killed the Arameans in a great slaughter.
22Then the prophet approached the king of Israel and said to him, “Go, show yourself courageous and be aware and see what you have to do; for at the turn of the year the king of Aram will march against you.”
23Now the servants of the king of Aram said to him, “Their gods are gods of the mountains; for that reason they were stronger than we. But let us fight them in the plain, and we will certainly be stronger than they.
24Carry out this plan: remove the kings, each from his place, and put governors in their place,
25and muster an army like the army that you have lost, horse for horse and chariot for chariot. Then we will fight against them in the plain, and we will certainly be stronger than they.” And he listened to their voice and did so.
26So at the turn of the year Ben-hadad mustered the Arameans and went up to Aphek to fight against Israel.
27And the sons of Israel were mustered and given provisions, and they went to meet them; and the sons of Israel camped opposite them like two little flocks of goats, while the Arameans filled the country.
28Then a man of God approached and spoke to the king of Israel, and said, “This is what the Lord says: ‘Since the Arameans have said, “The Lord is a god of mountains, but He is not a god of valleys,” therefore I will hand over to you all this great multitude, and you shall know that I am the Lord.’”
29So they camped, one opposite the other, for seven days. And on the seventh day the battle was joined, and the sons of Israel killed of the Arameans a hundred thousand foot soldiers in a single day.
30But the rest fled to Aphek into the city, and the wall fell on twenty-seven thousand men who were left. And Ben-hadad fled and came into the city, going from one inner room to another.
31But his servants said to him, “Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings. Please let’s put sackcloth around our waists and ropes on our heads, and go out to the king of Israel; perhaps he will let you live.”
32So they put sackcloth around their waists and ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel and said, “Your servant Ben-hadad says, ‘Please let me live.’” And Ahab said, “Is he still alive? He is my brother.”
33Now the men took this as a good omen, and quickly accepting it from him, they said, “Your brother Ben-hadad.” Then he said, “Go, bring him.” Then Ben-hadad came out to him, and he had him mount the chariot.
34And Ben-hadad said to him, “The cities which my father took from your father I will restore, and you can make streets for yourself in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria.” Ahab said, “And I will let you go with this covenant.” So he made a covenant with him and let him go.
35Now a man from the sons of the prophets said to another by the word of the Lord, “Please strike me.” But the man refused to strike him.
36Then he said to him, “Because you have not listened to the voice of the Lord, behold, as soon as you leave me, a lion will kill you.” And as soon as he left him a lion found him and killed him.
37Then he found another man and said, “Please strike me.” And the man struck him, injuring him.
38So the prophet departed and waited for the king by the road, and disguised himself with a bandage over his eyes.
39And as the king passed by, he cried out to the king and said, “Your servant went out into the midst of the battle; and behold, a man turned aside and brought a man to me and said, ‘Guard this man; if for any reason he goes missing, then your life shall be forfeited in place of his life, or else you shall pay a talent of silver.’
40Now while your servant was busy here and there, he disappeared.” And the king of Israel said to him, “So shall your judgment be; you yourself determined it.”
41Then he quickly took the bandage away from his eyes, and the king of Israel recognized him, that he was one of the prophets.
42And the prophet said to him, “This is what the Lord says: ‘Since you have let go from your hand the man I had designated for destruction, your life shall be forfeited in place of his life, and your people in place of his people.’”
43So the king of Israel went to his house sullen and furious, and came to Samaria.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 20.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Benhadad besieges Samaria. (1–11). Benhadad's defeat. (12–21). The Syrians again defeated. (22–30). Ahab makes peace with Benhadad. (31–43).
vv1-11
Benhadad sent Ahab a very insolent demand. Ahab sent a very disgraceful submission; sin brings men into such straits, by putting them out of the Divine protection. If God do not rule us, our enemies shall: guilt dispirits men, and makes them cowards. Ahab became desperate. Men will part with their most pleasant things, those they most love, to save their lives; yet they lose their souls rather than part with any pleasure or interest to prevent it. Here is one of the wisest sayings that ever Ahab spake, and it is a good lesson to all. It is folly to boast of any day to come, since we know not what it may bring forth. Apply it to our spiritual conflicts. Peter fell by self-confidence. Happy is the man who is never off his watch.
vv12-21
The proud Syrians were beaten, and the despised Israelites were conquerors. The orders of the proud, drunken king disordered his troops, and prevented them from attacking the Israelites. Those that are most secure, are commonly least courageous. Ahab slew the Syrians with a great slaughter. God often makes one wicked man a scourge to another.
vv22-30
Those about Benhadad advised him to change his ground. They take it for granted that it was not Israel, but Israel's gods, that beat them; but they speak very ignorantly of Jehovah. They supposed that Israel had many gods, to whom they ascribed limited power within a certain district; thus vain were the Gentiles in their imaginations concerning God. The greatest wisdom in worldly concerns is often united with the most contemptible folly in the things of God.
Key Words
בֶּן־הֲדַד: Ben-Hadad, the name of several Syrian kings
מֶלֶךְ: a king
אֲרָם: Aram or Syria, and its inhabitants; also the name of the son of Shem, a grandson of Nahor, and of an Israelite
קָבַץ: to grasp, i.e. collect
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
חַיִל: probably a force, whether of men, means or other resources; an army, wealth, virtue, valor, strength
סוּס: a horse (as leaping); also a swallow (from its rapid flight)
רֶכֶב: a vehicle; by implication, a team; by extension, cavalry; by analogy a rider, i.e. the upper millstone
עָלָה: to ascend, intransitively (be high) or actively (mount); used in a great variety of senses, primary and secondary, literal and figurative
צוּר: to cramp, i.e. confine (in many applications, literally and figuratively, formative or hostile)
Cross References
1 Kings 20Ahab's call of Ben-hadad as 'brother' is directly linked to his prophetic condemnation for sparing him.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Direct parallel of a prophet's associate slain by a lion for disobeying the word of the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Like David with Nathan, Ahab is trapped into pronouncing his own judgment through a parabolic story.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Saul's failure to destroy Agag parallels Ahab sparing Ben-hadad, both drawing divine rejection.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Identifies the prior Syrian incursions under Ben-hadad's father that initiated the ongoing conflict.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
A similar boast of demolishing a city and distributing its dust among a massive army.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Illuminates 'at the return of the year' as the spring season when kings go out to battle.
Supported by JFB
The same Hebrew phrasing describes Ahab's sullen resentment ('heavy and displeased') after being rebuked.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Contrasts Goliath's arrogant pre-battle boasting with Ahab's wise proverb against premature triumph.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The direct connection between the Syrian insult ('gods of the hills') and God's reason for intervention.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Shows the bitter irony: the spared Ben-hadad orders his captains to target only Ahab in battle.
Supported by JFB
Details the disguise with ashes/bandage that the prophet used to conceal his identity from Ahab.
Supported by Matthew Poole
God selects the weak 'young men' of the provinces to confound the mighty Syrian host.
Supported by JFB
Illustrates the folly of Ben-hadad's drunken carousing on the eve of his sudden military defeat.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB