Judges3
New International Version
1These are the nations the Lord left to test all those Israelites who had not experienced any of the wars in Canaan
2(he did this only to teach warfare to the descendants of the Israelites who had not had previous battle experience):
3the five rulers of the Philistines, all the Canaanites, the Sidonians, and the Hivites living in the Lebanon mountains from Mount Baal Hermon to Lebo Hamath.
4They were left to test the Israelites to see whether they would obey the Lord’s commands, which he had given their ancestors through Moses.
5The Israelites lived among the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites.
6They took their daughters in marriage and gave their own daughters to their sons, and served their gods.
7The Israelites did evil in the eyes of the Lord; they forgot the Lord their God and served the Baals and the Asherahs.
8The anger of the Lord burned against Israel so that he sold them into the hands of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim, to whom the Israelites were subject for eight years.
9But when they cried out to the Lord, he raised up for them a deliverer, Othniel son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, who saved them.
10The Spirit of the Lord came on him, so that he became Israel’s judge and went to war. The Lord gave Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram into the hands of Othniel, who overpowered him.
11So the land had peace for forty years, until Othniel son of Kenaz died.
12Again the Israelites did evil in the eyes of the Lord, and because they did this evil the Lord gave Eglon king of Moab power over Israel.
13Getting the Ammonites and Amalekites to join him, Eglon came and attacked Israel, and they took possession of the City of Palms.
14The Israelites were subject to Eglon king of Moab for eighteen years.
15Again the Israelites cried out to the Lord, and he gave them a deliverer—Ehud, a left-handed man, the son of Gera the Benjamite. The Israelites sent him with tribute to Eglon king of Moab.
16Now Ehud had made a double-edged sword about a cubit long, which he strapped to his right thigh under his clothing.
17He presented the tribute to Eglon king of Moab, who was a very fat man.
18After Ehud had presented the tribute, he sent on their way those who had carried it.
19But on reaching the stone images near Gilgal he himself went back to Eglon and said, “Your Majesty, I have a secret message for you.” The king said to his attendants, “Leave us!” And they all left.
20Ehud then approached him while he was sitting alone in the upper room of his palace and said, “I have a message from God for you.” As the king rose from his seat,
21Ehud reached with his left hand, drew the sword from his right thigh and plunged it into the king’s belly.
22Even the handle sank in after the blade, and his bowels discharged. Ehud did not pull the sword out, and the fat closed in over it.
23Then Ehud went out to the porch; he shut the doors of the upper room behind him and locked them.
24After he had gone, the servants came and found the doors of the upper room locked. They said, “He must be relieving himself in the inner room of the palace.”
25They waited to the point of embarrassment, but when he did not open the doors of the room, they took a key and unlocked them. There they saw their lord fallen to the floor, dead.
26While they waited, Ehud got away. He passed by the stone images and escaped to Seirah.
27When he arrived there, he blew a trumpet in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites went down with him from the hills, with him leading them.
28“Follow me,” he ordered, “for the Lord has given Moab, your enemy, into your hands.” So they followed him down and took possession of the fords of the Jordan that led to Moab; they allowed no one to cross over.
29At that time they struck down about ten thousand Moabites, all vigorous and strong; not one escaped.
30That day Moab was made subject to Israel, and the land had peace for eighty years.
31After Ehud came Shamgar son of Anath, who struck down six hundred Philistines with an oxgoad. He too saved Israel.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Judges 3.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The nations left to prove Israel. (1–7). Othniel delivers Israel. (8–11). Ehud delivers Israel from Eglon. (12–30). Shamgar delivers and judges Israel. (31).
vv1-7
As the Israelites were a type of the church on earth, they were not to be idle and slothful. The Lord was pleased to try them by the remains of the devoted nations they spared. Temptations and trials detect the wickedness of the hearts of sinners; and strengthen he graces of believers in their daily conflict with Satan, sin, and this evil world. They must live in this world, but they are not of it, and are forbidden to conform to it. This marks the difference between the followers of Christ and mere professors. The friendship of the world is more fatal than its enmity; the latter can only kill the body, but the former murders many precious souls.
vv8-11
The first judge was Othniel: even in Joshua's time Othniel began to be famous. Soon after Israel's settlement in Canaan their purity began to be corrupted, and their peace disturbed. But affliction makes those cry to God who before would scarcely speak to him. God returned in mercy to them for their deliverance. The Spirit of the Lord came upon Othniel. The Spirit of wisdom and courage to qualify him for the service, and the Spirit of power to excite him to it. He first judged Israel, reproved and reformed them, and then went to war. Let sin at home be conquered, that worst of enemies, then enemies abroad will be more easily dealt with. Thus let Christ be our Judge and Lawgiver, then he will save us.
vv12-30
When Israel sins again, God raises up a new oppressor. The Israelites did ill, and the Moabites did worse; yet because God punishes the sins of his own people in this world, Israel is weakened, and Moab strengthened against them. If lesser troubles do not do the work, God will send greater. When Israel prays again, God raises up Ehud. As a judge, or minister of Divine justice, Ehud put to death Eglon, the king of Moab, and thus executed the judgments of God upon him as an enemy to God and Israel. But the law of being subject to principalities and powers in all things lawful, is the rule of our conduct. No such commissions are now given; to pretend to them is to blaspheme God. Notice Ehud's address to Eglon. What message from God but a message of vengeance can a proud rebel expect? Such a message is contained in the word of God; his ministers are boldly to declare it, without fearing the frown, or respecting the persons of sinners. But, blessed be God, they have to deliver a message of mercy and of free salvation; the message of vengeance belongs only to those who neglect the offers of grace. The consequence of this victory was, that the land had rest eighty years. It was a great while for the land to rest; yet what is that to the saints' everlasting rest in the heavenly Canaan.
Key Words
אֵלֶּה: these or those
גּוֹי: a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
יָנַח: to deposit; by implication, to allow to stay
נָסָה: to test; by implication, to attempt
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
לֹא: not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
יָדַע: to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including observation, care, recognition; and causatively, instruction, designation, punishment, etc.)
מִלְחָמָה: a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare)
Cross References
Judges 3Moses explains God's purpose of leaving trials to 'prove' Israel and know what was in their hearts.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Direct parallel linking the remaining nations to proving whether Israel would keep the way of the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Explicit Mosaic prohibition against intermarrying with these nations, which Israel directly violated here.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Establishes Othniel's family identity as Kenaz's son and Caleb's younger brother.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallel for the Spirit of the Lord coming upon a judge to empower them for military deliverance.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Identifies Jericho as the 'city of palm trees' which Eglon possessed.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Confirms the unique Benjamite military trait of being left-handed or ambidextrous.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Details the specific evil of serving Baalim and the groves/Ashtaroth.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Explains how God's anger burned hot and He sold Israel into the hands of spoilers.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Samuel's historical sermon recalling Israel forgetting God and being sold into the hand of Hazor and Moab.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Fulfillment of the covenant curse that Israel would serve their enemies for lack of joyful obedience.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Deborah's song corroborates Shamgar's era of insecurity before deliverance came.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Parallels Shamgar's unconventional ox-goad weapon with Samson's jawbone of an ass.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Nehemiah recalls how in their trouble, when they cried, God gave them saviours.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Later military use of the strategic 'fords of Jordan' to cut off enemy escape.
Supported by Matthew Poole