Leviticus1
New International Version
1The Lord called to Moses and spoke to him from the tent of meeting. He said,
2“Speak to the Israelites and say to them: ‘When anyone among you brings an offering to the Lord, bring as your offering an animal from either the herd or the flock.
3“‘If the offering is a burnt offering from the herd, you are to offer a male without defect. You must present it at the entrance to the tent of meeting so that it will be acceptable to the Lord.
4You are to lay your hand on the head of the burnt offering, and it will be accepted on your behalf to make atonement for you.
5You are to slaughter the young bull before the Lord, and then Aaron’s sons the priests shall bring the blood and splash it against the sides of the altar at the entrance to the tent of meeting.
6You are to skin the burnt offering and cut it into pieces.
7The sons of Aaron the priest are to put fire on the altar and arrange wood on the fire.
8Then Aaron’s sons the priests shall arrange the pieces, including the head and the fat, on the wood that is burning on the altar.
9You are to wash the internal organs and the legs with water, and the priest is to burn all of it on the altar. It is a burnt offering, a food offering, an aroma pleasing to the Lord.
10“‘If the offering is a burnt offering from the flock, from either the sheep or the goats, you are to offer a male without defect.
11You are to slaughter it at the north side of the altar before the Lord, and Aaron’s sons the priests shall splash its blood against the sides of the altar.
12You are to cut it into pieces, and the priest shall arrange them, including the head and the fat, on the wood that is burning on the altar.
13You are to wash the internal organs and the legs with water, and the priest is to bring all of them and burn them on the altar. It is a burnt offering, a food offering, an aroma pleasing to the Lord.
14“‘If the offering to the Lord is a burnt offering of birds, you are to offer a dove or a young pigeon.
15The priest shall bring it to the altar, wring off the head and burn it on the altar; its blood shall be drained out on the side of the altar.
16He is to remove the crop and the feathers and throw them down east of the altar where the ashes are.
17He shall tear it open by the wings, not dividing it completely, and then the priest shall burn it on the wood that is burning on the altar. It is a burnt offering, a food offering, an aroma pleasing to the Lord.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Leviticus 1.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The offerings. (1, 2). From the herds. (3–9). From the flocks, and of fowls. (10–17).
vv1-2
The offering of sacrifices was an ordinance of true religion, from the fall of man unto the coming of Christ. But till the Israelites were in the wilderness, no very particular regulations seem to have been appointed. The general design of these laws is plain. The sacrifices typified Christ; they also shadowed out the believer's duty, character, privilege, and communion with God. There is scarcely any thing spoken of the Lord Jesus in Scripture which has not also a reference to his people. This book begins with the laws concerning sacrifices; the most ancient were the burnt-offerings, about which God here gives Moses directions. It is taken for granted that the people would be willing to bring offerings to the Lord. The very light of nature directs man, some way or other, to do honour to his Maker, as his Lord. Immediately after the fall, sacrifices were ordained.
vv3-9
In the due performance of the Levitical ordinances, the mysteries of the spiritual world are represented by corresponding natural objects; and future events are exhibited in these rites. Without this, the whole will seem unmeaning ceremonies. There is in these things a type of the sufferings of the Son of God, who was to be a sacrifice for the sins of the whole world? The burning body of an animal was but a faint representation of that everlasting misery, which we all have deserved; and which our blessed Lord bore in his body and in his soul, when he died under the load of our iniquities. Observe, 1. The beast to be offered must be without blemish. This signified the strength and purity that were in Christ, and the holy life that should be in his people. 2. The owner must offer it of his own free will. What is done in religion, so as to please God, must be done by love. Christ willingly offered himself for us. 3. It must be offered at the door of the tabernacle, where the brazen altar of burnt-offerings stood, which sanctified the gift: he must offer it at the door, as one unworthy to enter, and acknowledging that a sinner can have no communion with God, but by sacrifice. 4. The offerer must put his hand upon the head of his offering, signifying thereby, his desire and hope that it might be accepted from him, to make atonement for him. 5. The sacrifice was to be killed before the Lord, in an orderly manner, and to honour God. It signified also, that in Christians the flesh must be crucified with its corrupt affections and lust. 6. The priests were to sprinkle the blood upon the altar; for the blood being the life, that was it which made atonement. This signified the pacifying and purifying of our consciences, by the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ upon them by faith. 7. The beast was to be divided into several pieces, and then to be burned upon the altar. The burning of the sacrifice signified the sharp sufferings of Christ, and the devout affections with which, as a holy fire, Christians must offer up themselves, their whole spirit, soul, and body, unto God. 8. This is said to be an offering of a sweet savour. As an act of obedience to a Divine command, and a type of Christ, this was well-pleasing to God; and the spiritual sacrifices of Christians are acceptable to God, through Christ, 1Pe 2:5.
vv10-17
Those who could not offer a bullock, were to bring a sheep or a goat; and those who were not able to do that, were accepted of God, if they brought a turtle-dove, or a pigeon. Those creatures were chosen for sacrifice which were mild, and gentle, and harmless; to show the innocence and meekness that were in Christ, and that should be in Christians. The offering of the poor was as typical of Christ's atonement as the more costly sacrifices, and expressed as fully repentance, faith, and devotedness to God. We have no excuse, if we refuse the pleasant and reasonable service now required. But we can no more offer the sacrifice of a broken heart, or of praise and thanksgiving, than an Israelite could offer a bullock or a goat, except as God hath first given to us. The more we do in the Lord's service, the greater are our obligations to him, for the will, for the ability, and opportunity. In many things God leaves us to fix what shall be spent in his service, whether of our time or our substance; yet where God's providence has put much into a man's power, scanty offerings will not be accepted, for they are not proper expressions of a willing mind. Let us be devoted in body and soul to his service, whatever he may call us to give, venture, do, or suffer for his sake.
Key Words
קָרָא: to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
מֹשֶׁה: Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
אֹהֶל: a tent (as clearly conspicuous from a distance)
מוֹעֵד: properly, an appointment, i.e. a fixed time or season; specifically, a festival; conventionally ayear; by implication, an assembly (as convened for a definite purpose); technically the congregation; by extension, the place of meeting; also a signal (as appointed beforehand)
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
אָדָם: ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
קָרַב: to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose
Cross References
Leviticus 1Moses waited outside the Tabernacle because the glory filled it, preceding God's call in Leviticus 1:1.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Establishes the requirement of a male without blemish, typifying the spotless perfection of Christ.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Christ offered Himself without spot to God, fulfilling the 'without blemish' requirement of sacrifices.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Believers are to present their bodies as a living sacrifice, mirroring the entire devotion of the burnt offering.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Stresses offering the best (a male) rather than a blemished sacrifice to the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Christ is the door, fulfilling the entrance requirement at the door of the Tabernacle.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Illustrates laying hands upon the head of the offering to confess and transfer sins symbolically.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Christ loved us and gave Himself as a sacrificial offering of a sweet-smelling savor.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Christ's parents offered turtledoves or pigeons, demonstrating their poverty under this specific provision.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Confirms the sacrifice must be perfect and free of blemishes to be accepted by God.
Supported by John Calvin
Parallel instruction for putting hands on the head of the bullock to inaugurate atonement.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Relates the placement of the table of showbread and the northward killing of the flock.
Supported by JFB
Explains that the priest who offers the burnt offering shall have its skin.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The Lord smelled a soothing aroma from Noah's burnt offering, anchoring the concept of sweet savor.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Abraham divided the animals but did not split the birds, matching the avian offering instruction.
Supported by John Calvin