Deuteronomy28
New Living Translation
1“If you fully obey the Lord your God and carefully keep all his commands that I am giving you today, the Lord your God will set you high above all the nations of the world.
2You will experience all these blessings if you obey the Lord your God:
3Your towns and your fields will be blessed.
4Your children and your crops will be blessed. The offspring of your herds and flocks will be blessed.
5Your fruit baskets and breadboards will be blessed.
6Wherever you go and whatever you do, you will be blessed.
7“The Lord will conquer your enemies when they attack you. They will attack you from one direction, but they will scatter from you in seven!
8“The Lord will guarantee a blessing on everything you do and will fill your storehouses with grain. The Lord your God will bless you in the land he is giving you.
9“If you obey the commands of the Lord your God and walk in his ways, the Lord will establish you as his holy people as he swore he would do.
10Then all the nations of the world will see that you are a people claimed by the Lord, and they will stand in awe of you.
11“The Lord will give you prosperity in the land he swore to your ancestors to give you, blessing you with many children, numerous livestock, and abundant crops.
12The Lord will send rain at the proper time from his rich treasury in the heavens and will bless all the work you do. You will lend to many nations, but you will never need to borrow from them.
13If you listen to these commands of the Lord your God that I am giving you today, and if you carefully obey them, the Lord will make you the head and not the tail, and you will always be on top and never at the bottom.
14You must not turn away from any of the commands I am giving you today, nor follow after other gods and worship them.
15“But if you refuse to listen to the Lord your God and do not obey all the commands and decrees I am giving you today, all these curses will come and overwhelm you:
16Your towns and your fields will be cursed.
17Your fruit baskets and breadboards will be cursed.
18Your children and your crops will be cursed. The offspring of your herds and flocks will be cursed.
19Wherever you go and whatever you do, you will be cursed.
20“The Lord himself will send on you curses, confusion, and frustration in everything you do, until at last you are completely destroyed for doing evil and abandoning me.
21The Lord will afflict you with diseases until none of you are left in the land you are about to enter and occupy.
22The Lord will strike you with wasting diseases, fever, and inflammation, with scorching heat and drought, and with blight and mildew. These disasters will pursue you until you die.
23The skies above will be as unyielding as bronze, and the earth beneath will be as hard as iron.
24The Lord will change the rain that falls on your land into powder, and dust will pour down from the sky until you are destroyed.
25“The Lord will cause you to be defeated by your enemies. You will attack your enemies from one direction, but you will scatter from them in seven! You will be an object of horror to all the kingdoms of the earth.
26Your corpses will be food for all the scavenging birds and wild animals, and no one will be there to chase them away.
27“The Lord will afflict you with the boils of Egypt and with tumors, scurvy, and the itch, from which you cannot be cured.
28The Lord will strike you with madness, blindness, and panic.
29You will grope around in broad daylight like a blind person groping in the darkness, but you will not find your way. You will be oppressed and robbed continually, and no one will come to save you.
30“You will be engaged to a woman, but another man will sleep with her. You will build a house, but someone else will live in it. You will plant a vineyard, but you will never enjoy its fruit.
31Your ox will be butchered before your eyes, but you will not eat a single bite of the meat. Your donkey will be taken from you, never to be returned. Your sheep and goats will be given to your enemies, and no one will be there to help you.
32You will watch as your sons and daughters are taken away as slaves. Your heart will break for them, but you won’t be able to help them.
33A foreign nation you have never heard about will eat the crops you worked so hard to grow. You will suffer under constant oppression and harsh treatment.
34You will go mad because of all the tragedy you see around you.
35The Lord will cover your knees and legs with incurable boils. In fact, you will be covered from head to foot.
36“The Lord will exile you and your king to a nation unknown to you and your ancestors. There in exile you will worship gods of wood and stone!
37You will become an object of horror, ridicule, and mockery among all the nations to which the Lord sends you.
38“You will plant much but harvest little, for locusts will eat your crops.
39You will plant vineyards and care for them, but you will not drink the wine or eat the grapes, for worms will destroy the vines.
40You will grow olive trees throughout your land, but you will never use the olive oil, for the fruit will drop before it ripens.
41You will have sons and daughters, but you will lose them, for they will be led away into captivity.
42Swarms of insects will destroy your trees and crops.
43“The foreigners living among you will become stronger and stronger, while you become weaker and weaker.
44They will lend money to you, but you will not lend to them. They will be the head, and you will be the tail!
45“If you refuse to listen to the Lord your God and to obey the commands and decrees he has given you, all these curses will pursue and overtake you until you are destroyed.
46These horrors will serve as a sign and warning among you and your descendants forever.
47If you do not serve the Lord your God with joy and enthusiasm for the abundant benefits you have received,
48you will serve your enemies whom the Lord will send against you. You will be left hungry, thirsty, naked, and lacking in everything. The Lord will put an iron yoke on your neck, oppressing you harshly until he has destroyed you.
49“The Lord will bring a distant nation against you from the end of the earth, and it will swoop down on you like a vulture. It is a nation whose language you do not understand,
50a fierce and heartless nation that shows no respect for the old and no pity for the young.
51Its armies will devour your livestock and crops, and you will be destroyed. They will leave you no grain, new wine, olive oil, calves, or lambs, and you will starve to death.
52They will attack your cities until all the fortified walls in your land—the walls you trusted to protect you—are knocked down. They will attack all the towns in the land the Lord your God has given you.
53“The siege and terrible distress of the enemy’s attack will be so severe that you will eat the flesh of your own sons and daughters, whom the Lord your God has given you.
54The most tenderhearted man among you will have no compassion for his own brother, his beloved wife, and his surviving children.
55He will refuse to share with them the flesh he is devouring—the flesh of one of his own children—because he has nothing else to eat during the siege and terrible distress that your enemy will inflict on all your towns.
56The most tender and delicate woman among you—so delicate she would not so much as touch the ground with her foot—will be selfish toward the husband she loves and toward her own son or daughter.
57She will hide from them the afterbirth and the new baby she has borne, so that she herself can secretly eat them. She will have nothing else to eat during the siege and terrible distress that your enemy will inflict on all your towns.
58“If you refuse to obey all the words of instruction that are written in this book, and if you do not fear the glorious and awesome name of the Lord your God,
59then the Lord will overwhelm you and your children with indescribable plagues. These plagues will be intense and without relief, making you miserable and unbearably sick.
60He will afflict you with all the diseases of Egypt that you feared so much, and you will have no relief.
61The Lord will afflict you with every sickness and plague there is, even those not mentioned in this Book of Instruction, until you are destroyed.
62Though you become as numerous as the stars in the sky, few of you will be left because you would not listen to the Lord your God.
63“Just as the Lord has found great pleasure in causing you to prosper and multiply, the Lord will find pleasure in destroying you. You will be torn from the land you are about to enter and occupy.
64For the Lord will scatter you among all the nations from one end of the earth to the other. There you will worship foreign gods that neither you nor your ancestors have known, gods made of wood and stone!
65There among those nations you will find no peace or place to rest. And the Lord will cause your heart to tremble, your eyesight to fail, and your soul to despair.
66Your life will constantly hang in the balance. You will live night and day in fear, unsure if you will survive.
67In the morning you will say, ‘If only it were night!’ And in the evening you will say, ‘If only it were morning!’ For you will be terrified by the awful horrors you see around you.
68Then the Lord will send you back to Egypt in ships, to a destination I promised you would never see again. There you will offer to sell yourselves to your enemies as slaves, but no one will buy you.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 28.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The blessings for obedience. (1–14). The curses for disobedience. (15–44). Their ruin, if disobedient. (45–68).
vv1-14
This chapter is a very large exposition of two words, the blessing and the curse. They are real things and have real effects. The blessings are here put before the curses. God is slow to anger, but swift to show mercy. It is his delight to bless. It is better that we should be drawn to what is good by a child-like hope of God's favour, than that we be frightened to it by a slavish fear of his wrath. The blessing is promised, upon condition that they diligently hearken to the voice of God. Let them keep up religion, the form and power of it, in their families and nation, then the providence of God would prosper all their outward concerns.
vv15-44
If we do not keep God's commandments, we not only come short of the blessing promised, but we lay ourselves under the curse, which includes all misery, as the blessing all happiness. Observe the justice of this curse. It is not a curse causeless, or for some light cause. The extent and power of this curse. Wherever the sinner goes, the curse of God follows; wherever he is, it rests upon him. Whatever he has is under a curse. All his enjoyments are made bitter; he cannot take any true comfort in them, for the wrath of God mixes itself with them. Many judgments are here stated, which would be the fruits of the curse, and with which God would punish the people of the Jews, for their apostacy and disobedience. We may observe the fulfilling of these threatenings in their present state. To complete their misery, it is threatened that by these troubles they should be bereaved of all comfort and hope, and left to utter despair. Those who walk by sight, and not by faith, are in danger of losing reason itself, when every thing about them looks frightful.
vv45-68
If God inflicts vengeance, what miseries his curse can bring upon mankind, even in this present world! Yet these are but the beginning of sorrows to those under the curse of God. What then will be the misery of that world where their worm dieth not, and their fire is not quenched! Observe what is here said of the wrath of God, which should come and remain upon the Israelites for their sins. It is amazing to think that a people so long the favourites of Heaven, should be so cast off; and yet that a people so scattered in all nations should be kept distinct, and not mixed with others. If they would not serve God with cheerfulness, they should be compelled to serve their enemies. We may justly expect from God, that if we do not fear his fearful name, we shall feel his fearful plagues; for one way or other God will be feared. The destruction threatened is described. They have, indeed, been plucked from off the land, verse 63. Not only by the Babylonish captivity, and when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans; but afterwards, when they were forbidden to set foot in Jerusalem. They should have no rest; no rest of body, verse 65, but be continually on the remove, either in hope of gain, or fear of persecution. No rest of the mind, which is much worse. They have been banished from city to city, from country to country; recalled, and banished again. These events, compared with the favour shown to Israel in ancient times, and with the prophecies about them, should not only excite astonishment, but turn unto us for a testimony, assuring us of the truth of Scripture. And when the other prophecies of their conversion to Christ shall come to pass, the whole will be a sign and a wonder to all the nations of the earth, and the forerunner of a general spread of true christianity. The fulfilling of these prophecies upon the Jewish nation, delivered more than three thousand years ago, shows that Moses spake by the Spirit of God; who not only foresees the ruin of sinners, but warns of it, that they may prevent it by a true and timely repentance, or else be left without excuse. And let us be thankful that Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, by being made a curse for us, and bearing in his own person all that punishment which our sins merit, and which we must otherwise have endured for ever. To this Refuge and salvation let sinners flee; therein let believers rejoice, and serve their reconciled God with gladness of heart, for the abundance of his spiritual blessings.
Key Words
אִם: used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also Oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not
שָׁמַע: to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to tell, etc.)
קוֹל: a voice or sound
אֱלֹהִים: gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative
שָׁמַר: properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to, etc.
עָשָׂה: to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
מִצְוָה: a command, whether human or divine (collectively, the Law)
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
צָוָה: (intensively) to constitute, enjoin
Cross References
Deuteronomy 28The primary Levitical counterpart detailing covenant blessings for obedience.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
The primary Levitical counterpart outlining the covenant curses for national disobedience.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Tragic historical fulfillment of mothers eating their own children during the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Literal fulfillment of the siege-cannibalism curse during the Syrian siege of Samaria.
Contrast with God's law that the king shall not cause the people to return to Egypt.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Establishes the foundation of the covenant relationship: obeying God's voice makes Israel a peculiar treasure.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Repeats the promise that God will set Israel high above all nations in praise and honor.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Parallel covenant threat of wasting disease and burning ague/fevers.
Supported by JFB
Direct parallel covenant warning of heavens made like brass and earth like iron.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Jeremiah uses the literal 'yoke of iron' metaphor to describe subjugation under Nebuchadnezzar.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Jeremiah echoes Moses by predicting a distant nation of ancient origin and incomprehensible language.
The Levitical covenant parallel threatening scattering among the nations and a drawn-out sword.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Prophetic fulfillment of the threat of returning to Egypt as a judgment for sin.
Supported by JFB
Illustrates the Hebrew idiom 'going out and coming in' as representing all life's activities and undertakings.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The formal covenant declaration that Israel is established as God's peculiar and holy people.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Prophetic use of the 'head and tail' idiom for political and moral leadership or degradation.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Covenant curse of being smitten and fleeing before enemies.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Historical fulfillment of the plague of emerods smiting the Philistines.
Supported by JFB
The 'botch of Egypt' refers back to the plague of boils in Exodus.
Supported by JFB
Fulfillment when the king and people of Israel were carried away to Assyria.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Prophetic fulfillment of becoming a reproach, a proverb, and a byword.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Directly contrasts the blessing of being a lender with the curse of becoming the borrower.
The parallel covenant warning in Leviticus that predicts cannibalism under extreme siege conditions.
Contrasts the curse of returning Egyptian diseases with God's original promise of immunity for obedience.
Earlier Mosaic warning that Israel would be left few in number after being scattered.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Contrasts their reduction to 'few' with their increase as the stars of heaven.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Internal reference within the curse sequence regarding serving other gods of wood and stone.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Levitical parallel describing the faintness and fear of heart in the land of exile.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Historical fulfillment where Jews were sold as slaves to the Grecians.
Supported by JFB
Exact structural counterpart where curses overtake the disobedient just as blessings overtake the obedient.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Poetic description of the heavens as God's storehouse or treasury of natural forces.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Direct contrast within the same chapter: under the curse, the stranger lends and Israel borrows.
Supported by JFB
Paul cites the curse of the law, pointing to Christ who redeemed believers from it.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Historical fulfillment of agricultural devastation by blasting, mildew, and locusts.
Supported by JFB
Job smitten with sore boils from sole of foot to crown of head.
Supported by JFB
Internal Deuteronomy parallel regarding exile and serving other gods of wood and stone.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB