1 Samuel4
American Standard Version · Public Domain
1And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out against the Philistines to battle, and encamped beside Eben-ezer: and the Philistines encamped in Aphek.
2And the Philistines put themselves in array against Israel: and when they joined battle, Israel was smitten before the Philistines; and they slew of the army in the field about four thousand men.
3And when the people were come into the camp, the elders of Israel said, Wherefore hath Jehovah smitten us to-day before the Philistines? Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of Jehovah out of Shiloh unto us, that it may come among us, and save us out of the hand of our enemies.
4So the people sent to Shiloh; and they brought from thence the ark of the covenant of Jehovah of hosts, who sitteth above the cherubim: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.
5And when the ark of the covenant of Jehovah came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again.
6And when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, What meaneth the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews? And they understood that the ark of Jehovah was come into the camp.
7And the Philistines were afraid, for they said, God is come into the camp. And they said, Woe unto us! for there hath not been such a thing heretofore.
8Woe unto us! who shall deliver us out of the hand of these mighty gods? these are the gods that smote the Egyptians with all manner of plagues in the wilderness.
9Be strong, and quit yourselves like men, O ye Philistines, that ye be not servants unto the Hebrews, as they have been to you: quit yourselves like men, and fight.
10And the Philistines fought, and Israel was smitten, and they fled every man to his tent: and there was a very great slaughter; for there fell of Israel thirty thousand footmen.
11And the ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were slain.
12And there ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and came to Shiloh the same day, with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head.
13And when he came, lo, Eli was sitting upon his seat by the wayside watching; for his heart trembled for the ark of God. And when the man came into the city, and told it, all the city cried out.
14And when Eli heard the noise of the crying, he said, What meaneth the noise of this tumult? And the man hasted, and came and told Eli.
15Now Eli was ninety and eight years old; and his eyes were set, so that he could not see.
16And the man said unto Eli, I am he that came out of the army, and I fled to-day out of the army. And he said, How went the matter, my son?
17And he that brought the tidings answered and said, Israel is fled before the Philistines, and there hath been also a great slaughter among the people, and thy two sons also, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead, and the ark of God is taken.
18And it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that Eli fell from off his seat backward by the side of the gate; and his neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years.
19And his daughter-in-law, Phinehas’ wife, was with child, near to be delivered: and when she heard the tidings that the ark of God was taken, and that her father-in-law and her husband were dead, she bowed herself and brought forth; for her pains came upon her.
20And about the time of her death the women that stood by her said unto her, Fear not; for thou hast brought forth a son. But she answered not, neither did she regard it.
21And she named the child Ichabod, saying, The glory is departed from Israel; because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father-in-law and her husband.
22And she said, The glory is departed from Israel; for the ark of God is taken.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 4.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The Israelites overcome by the Philistines. (1–9). The ark taken. (10, 11). The death of Eli. (12–18). The birth of Ichabod. (19–22).
vv1-9
Israel is smitten before the Philistines. Sin, the accursed thing, was in the camp, and gave their enemies all the advantage they could wish for. They own the hand of God in their trouble; but, instead of submitting, they speak angrily, as not aware of any just provocation they had given him. The foolishness of man perverts his way, and then his heart frets against the Lord, Pr 19:3, and finds fault with him. They supposed that they could oblige God to appear for them, by bringing the ark into their camp. Those who have gone back in the life of religion, sometimes discover great fondness for the outward observances of it, as if those would save them; and as if the ark, God's throne, in the camp, would bring them to heaven, though the world and the flesh are on the throne in the heart.
vv10-11
The taking of the ark was a great judgment upon Israel, and a certain token of God's displeasure. Let none think to shelter themselves from the wrath of God, under the cloak of outward profession.
vv12-18
The defeat of the army was very grievous to Eli as a judge; the tidings of the death of his two sons, to whom he had been so indulgent, and who, as he had reason to fear, died impenitent, touched him as a father; yet there was a greater concern on his spirit. And when the messenger concluded his story with, “The ark of God is taken,” he is struck to the heart, and died immediately. A man may die miserably, yet not die eternally; may come to an untimely end, yet the end be peace.
Key Words
דָּבָר: a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
שְׁמוּאֵל: Shemuel, the name of three Israelites
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
יָצָא: to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct and proxim.
מִלְחָמָה: a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare)
קִרְאָה: an encountering, accidental, friendly or hostile (also adverbially, opposite)
פְּלִשְׁתִּי: a Pelishtite or inhabitant of Pelesheth
חָנָה: properly, to incline; by implication, to decline (of the slanting rays of evening); specifically, to pitch atent; gen. to encamp (for abode or siege)
אֶבֶן הָעֵזֶר: Eben-ha-Ezer, a place in Palestine
אֲפֵק: Aphek (or Aphik), the name of three places in Palestine
Cross References
1 Samuel 4Direct fulfillment of God's sign that both of Eli's sons would die on the same day.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Explicit historical reflection on God forsaking the tabernacle of Shiloh in this defeat.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Sobering poetic commentary describing the taking of the Ark as delivering His strength into captivity.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The place of battle, Eben-ezer, is named by anticipation of Samuel's later memorial stone.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The disastrous events fulfill the ears-tingling judgment prophecy God revealed to young Samuel.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
God warns Judah of judgment by pointing to what He did to Shiloh in this era.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Defines the description of the Ark of the Lord of hosts dwelling between the cherubim.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Contrast: Israel falsely trusted the Ark's physical presence rather than the Lord of the covenant.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Describes the death of the priests (Hophni and Phinehas) and lack of lamentation.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallel naming of a child on a mother's deathbed amid national and familial distress.
Supported by JFB
Rebukes the superstitious trust in external religious institutions without corresponding internal obedience.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identical cultural gestures of extreme mourning (rent clothes, dust/earth on the head) after defeat.
Connects the glory of God in Israel with the Ark and the covenants.
Helps geographically identify Aphek as a border city within the territory of Judah.
Supported by Matthew Poole