1 Samuel4
New American Standard
1So the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out to meet the Philistines in battle, and they camped beside Ebenezer, while the Philistines camped in Aphek.
2Then the Philistines drew up in battle formation to meet Israel. When the battle spread, Israel was defeated by the Philistines, who killed about four thousand men on the battlefield.
3When the people came into the camp, the elders of Israel said, “Why has the Lord defeated us today before the Philistines? Let’s take the ark of the covenant of the Lord from Shiloh, so that He may come among us and save us from the power of our enemies.”
4So the people sent men to Shiloh, and from there they carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord of armies who is enthroned above the cherubim; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.
5And as the ark of the covenant of the Lord was coming into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth resounded.
6And when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, “What does the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews mean?” Then they understood that the ark of the Lord had come into the camp.
7So the Philistines were afraid, for they said, “God has come into the camp!” And they said, “Woe to us! For nothing like this has happened before.
8Woe to us! Who will save us from the hand of these mighty gods? These are the gods who struck the Egyptians with all kinds of plagues in the wilderness.
9Take courage and be men, Philistines, or you will become slaves to the Hebrews, as they have been slaves to you; so be men and fight!”
10So the Philistines fought and Israel was defeated, and every man fled to his tent; and the defeat was very great, for thirty thousand foot soldiers of Israel fell.
11Moreover, the ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, died.
12Now a man of Benjamin ran from the battle line and came to Shiloh the same day with his clothes torn, and dust on his head.
13When he came, behold, Eli was sitting on his seat by the road keeping watch, because his heart was anxious about the ark of God. And the man came to give a report in the city, and all the city cried out.
14When Eli heard the noise of the outcry, he said, “What does the noise of this commotion mean?” Then the man came hurriedly and told Eli.
15Now Eli was ninety-eight years old, and his eyes were fixed and he could not see.
16The man said to Eli, “I am the one who came from the battle line. Indeed, I escaped from the battle line today.” And he said, “How are things, my son?”
17Then the one who brought the news replied, “Israel has fled before the Philistines and there has also been a great defeat among the people, and your two sons, Hophni and Phinehas are also dead; and the ark of God has been taken.”
18When he mentioned the ark of God, Eli fell off the seat backward beside the gate, and his neck was broken and he died, for he was old and heavy. And so he judged Israel for forty years.
19Now his daughter-in-law, Phinehas’ wife, was pregnant and about to give birth; and when she heard the news that the ark of God had been taken and that her father-in-law and her husband had died, she kneeled down and gave birth, because her pains came upon her.
20And about the time of her death the women who were standing by her said to her, “Do not be afraid, for you have given birth to a son.” But she did not answer or pay attention.
21And she named the boy Ichabod, saying, “The glory has departed from Israel,” because the ark of God had been taken and because of her father-in-law and her husband.
22So she said, “The glory has departed from Israel, because the ark of God has been taken.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 4.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The Israelites overcome by the Philistines. (1–9). The ark taken. (10, 11). The death of Eli. (12–18). The birth of Ichabod. (19–22).
vv1-9
Israel is smitten before the Philistines. Sin, the accursed thing, was in the camp, and gave their enemies all the advantage they could wish for. They own the hand of God in their trouble; but, instead of submitting, they speak angrily, as not aware of any just provocation they had given him. The foolishness of man perverts his way, and then his heart frets against the Lord, Pr 19:3, and finds fault with him. They supposed that they could oblige God to appear for them, by bringing the ark into their camp. Those who have gone back in the life of religion, sometimes discover great fondness for the outward observances of it, as if those would save them; and as if the ark, God's throne, in the camp, would bring them to heaven, though the world and the flesh are on the throne in the heart.
vv10-11
The taking of the ark was a great judgment upon Israel, and a certain token of God's displeasure. Let none think to shelter themselves from the wrath of God, under the cloak of outward profession.
vv12-18
The defeat of the army was very grievous to Eli as a judge; the tidings of the death of his two sons, to whom he had been so indulgent, and who, as he had reason to fear, died impenitent, touched him as a father; yet there was a greater concern on his spirit. And when the messenger concluded his story with, “The ark of God is taken,” he is struck to the heart, and died immediately. A man may die miserably, yet not die eternally; may come to an untimely end, yet the end be peace.
Key Words
דָּבָר: a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
שְׁמוּאֵל: Shemuel, the name of three Israelites
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
יָצָא: to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct and proxim.
מִלְחָמָה: a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare)
קִרְאָה: an encountering, accidental, friendly or hostile (also adverbially, opposite)
פְּלִשְׁתִּי: a Pelishtite or inhabitant of Pelesheth
חָנָה: properly, to incline; by implication, to decline (of the slanting rays of evening); specifically, to pitch atent; gen. to encamp (for abode or siege)
אֶבֶן הָעֵזֶר: Eben-ha-Ezer, a place in Palestine
אֲפֵק: Aphek (or Aphik), the name of three places in Palestine
Cross References
1 Samuel 4Direct fulfillment of God's sign that both of Eli's sons would die on the same day.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Explicit historical reflection on God forsaking the tabernacle of Shiloh in this defeat.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Sobering poetic commentary describing the taking of the Ark as delivering His strength into captivity.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The place of battle, Eben-ezer, is named by anticipation of Samuel's later memorial stone.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The disastrous events fulfill the ears-tingling judgment prophecy God revealed to young Samuel.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
God warns Judah of judgment by pointing to what He did to Shiloh in this era.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Defines the description of the Ark of the Lord of hosts dwelling between the cherubim.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Contrast: Israel falsely trusted the Ark's physical presence rather than the Lord of the covenant.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Describes the death of the priests (Hophni and Phinehas) and lack of lamentation.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallel naming of a child on a mother's deathbed amid national and familial distress.
Supported by JFB
Rebukes the superstitious trust in external religious institutions without corresponding internal obedience.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identical cultural gestures of extreme mourning (rent clothes, dust/earth on the head) after defeat.
Connects the glory of God in Israel with the Ark and the covenants.
Helps geographically identify Aphek as a border city within the territory of Judah.
Supported by Matthew Poole