1 Samuel 4KJV
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1 Samuel4

King James Version · Public Domain

1And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out against the Philistines to battle, and pitched beside Eben–ezer: and the Philistines pitched in Aphek.

2And the Philistines put themselves in array against Israel: and when they joined battle, Israel was smitten before the Philistines: and they slew of the army in the field about four thousand men.

3And when the people were come into the camp, the elders of Israel said, Wherefore hath the Lord smitten us to day before the Philistines? Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us, that, when it cometh among us, it may save us out of the hand of our enemies.

4So the people sent to Shiloh, that they might bring from thence the ark of the covenant of the Lord of hosts, which dwelleth between the cherubims: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.

5And when the ark of the covenant of the Lord came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again.

6And when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, What meaneth the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews? And they understood that the ark of the Lord was come into the camp.

7And the Philistines were afraid, for they said, God is come into the camp. And they said, Woe unto us! for there hath not been such a thing heretofore.

8Woe unto us! who shall deliver us out of the hand of these mighty Gods? these are the Gods that smote the Egyptians with all the plagues in the wilderness.

9Be strong, and quit yourselves like men, O ye Philistines, that ye be not servants unto the Hebrews, as they have been to you: quit yourselves like men, and fight.

10And the Philistines fought, and Israel was smitten, and they fled every man into his tent: and there was a very great slaughter; for there fell of Israel thirty thousand footmen.

11And the ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were slain.

12And there ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and came to Shiloh the same day with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head.

13And when he came, lo, Eli sat upon a seat by the wayside watching: for his heart trembled for the ark of God. And when the man came into the city, and told it, all the city cried out.

14And when Eli heard the noise of the crying, he said, What meaneth the noise of this tumult? And the man came in hastily, and told Eli.

15Now Eli was ninety and eight years old; and his eyes were dim, that he could not see.

16And the man said unto Eli, I am he that came out of the army, and I fled to day out of the army. And he said, What is there done, my son?

17And the messenger answered and said, Israel is fled before the Philistines, and there hath been also a great slaughter among the people, and thy two sons also, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead, and the ark of God is taken.

18And it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that he fell from off the seat backward by the side of the gate, and his neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years.

19And his daughter in law, Phinehas' wife, was with child, near to be delivered: and when she heard the tidings that the ark of God was taken, and that her father in law and her husband were dead, she bowed herself and travailed; for her pains came upon her.

20And about the time of her death the women that stood by her said unto her, Fear not; for thou hast born a son. But she answered not, neither did she regard it.

21And she named the child I–chabod, saying, The glory is departed from Israel: because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father in law and her husband.

22And she said, The glory is departed from Israel: for the ark of God is taken.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 4.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The Israelites overcome by the Philistines. (1–9). The ark taken. (10, 11). The death of Eli. (12–18). The birth of Ichabod. (19–22).

vv1-9

Israel is smitten before the Philistines. Sin, the accursed thing, was in the camp, and gave their enemies all the advantage they could wish for. They own the hand of God in their trouble; but, instead of submitting, they speak angrily, as not aware of any just provocation they had given him. The foolishness of man perverts his way, and then his heart frets against the Lord, Pr 19:3, and finds fault with him. They supposed that they could oblige God to appear for them, by bringing the ark into their camp. Those who have gone back in the life of religion, sometimes discover great fondness for the outward observances of it, as if those would save them; and as if the ark, God's throne, in the camp, would bring them to heaven, though the world and the flesh are on the throne in the heart.

vv10-11

The taking of the ark was a great judgment upon Israel, and a certain token of God's displeasure. Let none think to shelter themselves from the wrath of God, under the cloak of outward profession.

vv12-18

The defeat of the army was very grievous to Eli as a judge; the tidings of the death of his two sons, to whom he had been so indulgent, and who, as he had reason to fear, died impenitent, touched him as a father; yet there was a greater concern on his spirit. And when the messenger concluded his story with, “The ark of God is taken,” he is struck to the heart, and died immediately. A man may die miserably, yet not die eternally; may come to an untimely end, yet the end be peace.

Cross References

1 Samuel 4
v111 Samuel 2:34fulfillment

Direct fulfillment of God's sign that both of Eli's sons would die on the same day.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v10Psalms 78:60thematic

Explicit historical reflection on God forsaking the tabernacle of Shiloh in this defeat.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11Psalms 78:61thematic

Sobering poetic commentary describing the taking of the Ark as delivering His strength into captivity.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v11 Samuel 7:12allusion

The place of battle, Eben-ezer, is named by anticipation of Samuel's later memorial stone.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v11 Samuel 3:11fulfillment

The disastrous events fulfill the ears-tingling judgment prophecy God revealed to young Samuel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v3Jeremiah 7:12thematic

God warns Judah of judgment by pointing to what He did to Shiloh in this era.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v4Exodus 25:22thematic

Defines the description of the Ark of the Lord of hosts dwelling between the cherubim.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v3Numbers 10:33contrast

Contrast: Israel falsely trusted the Ark's physical presence rather than the Lord of the covenant.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11Psalms 78:64thematic

Describes the death of the priests (Hophni and Phinehas) and lack of lamentation.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v21Genesis 35:18thematic

Parallel naming of a child on a mother's deathbed amid national and familial distress.

Supported by JFB

v3Jeremiah 7:4thematic

Rebukes the superstitious trust in external religious institutions without corresponding internal obedience.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v12Joshua 7:6thematic

Identical cultural gestures of extreme mourning (rent clothes, dust/earth on the head) after defeat.

v21Romans 9:4thematic

Connects the glory of God in Israel with the Ark and the covenants.

v1Joshua 15:53thematic

Helps geographically identify Aphek as a border city within the territory of Judah.

Supported by Matthew Poole