1 Samuel 4NKJV
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1 Samuel4

New King James Version

1And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out to battle against the Philistines, and encamped beside Ebenezer; and the Philistines encamped in Aphek.

2Then the Philistines put themselves in battle array against Israel. And when they joined battle, Israel was defeated by the Philistines, who killed about four thousand men of the army in the field.

3And when the people had come into the camp, the elders of Israel said, “Why has the Lord defeated us today before the Philistines? Let us bring the ark of the covenant of the Lord from Shiloh to us, that when it comes among us it may save us from the hand of our enemies.”

4So the people sent to Shiloh, that they might bring from there the ark of the covenant of the Lord of hosts, who dwells between the cherubim. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.

5And when the ark of the covenant of the Lord came into the camp, all Israel shouted so loudly that the earth shook.

6Now when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, “What does the sound of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews mean?” Then they understood that the ark of the Lord had come into the camp.

7So the Philistines were afraid, for they said, “God has come into the camp!” And they said, “Woe to us! For such a thing has never happened before.

8Woe to us! Who will deliver us from the hand of these mighty gods? These are the gods who struck the Egyptians with all the plagues in the wilderness.

9Be strong and conduct yourselves like men, you Philistines, that you do not become servants of the Hebrews, as they have been to you. Conduct yourselves like men, and fight!”

10So the Philistines fought, and Israel was defeated, and every man fled to his tent. There was a very great slaughter, and there fell of Israel thirty thousand foot soldiers.

11Also the ark of God was captured; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, died.

12Then a man of Benjamin ran from the battle line the same day, and came to Shiloh with his clothes torn and dirt on his head.

13Now when he came, there was Eli, sitting on a seat by the wayside watching, for his heart trembled for the ark of God. And when the man came into the city and told it, all the city cried out.

14When Eli heard the noise of the outcry, he said, “What does the sound of this tumult mean?” And the man came quickly and told Eli.

15Eli was ninety-eight years old, and his eyes were so dim that he could not see.

16Then the man said to Eli, “I am he who came from the battle. And I fled today from the battle line.” And he said, “What happened, my son?”

17So the messenger answered and said, “Israel has fled before the Philistines, and there has been a great slaughter among the people. Also your two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead; and the ark of God has been captured.”

18Then it happened, when he made mention of the ark of God, that Eli fell off the seat backward by the side of the gate; and his neck was broken and he died, for the man was old and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years.

19Now his daughter-in-law, Phinehas’ wife, was with child, due to be delivered; and when she heard the news that the ark of God was captured, and that her father-in-law and her husband were dead, she bowed herself and gave birth, for her labor pains came upon her.

20And about the time of her death the women who stood by her said to her, “Do not fear, for you have borne a son.” But she did not answer, nor did she regard it.

21Then she named the child Ichabod, saying, “The glory has departed from Israel!” because the ark of God had been captured and because of her father-in-law and her husband.

22And she said, “The glory has departed from Israel, for the ark of God has been captured.”

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 4.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The Israelites overcome by the Philistines. (1–9). The ark taken. (10, 11). The death of Eli. (12–18). The birth of Ichabod. (19–22).

vv1-9

Israel is smitten before the Philistines. Sin, the accursed thing, was in the camp, and gave their enemies all the advantage they could wish for. They own the hand of God in their trouble; but, instead of submitting, they speak angrily, as not aware of any just provocation they had given him. The foolishness of man perverts his way, and then his heart frets against the Lord, Pr 19:3, and finds fault with him. They supposed that they could oblige God to appear for them, by bringing the ark into their camp. Those who have gone back in the life of religion, sometimes discover great fondness for the outward observances of it, as if those would save them; and as if the ark, God's throne, in the camp, would bring them to heaven, though the world and the flesh are on the throne in the heart.

vv10-11

The taking of the ark was a great judgment upon Israel, and a certain token of God's displeasure. Let none think to shelter themselves from the wrath of God, under the cloak of outward profession.

vv12-18

The defeat of the army was very grievous to Eli as a judge; the tidings of the death of his two sons, to whom he had been so indulgent, and who, as he had reason to fear, died impenitent, touched him as a father; yet there was a greater concern on his spirit. And when the messenger concluded his story with, “The ark of God is taken,” he is struck to the heart, and died immediately. A man may die miserably, yet not die eternally; may come to an untimely end, yet the end be peace.

Cross References

1 Samuel 4
v111 Samuel 2:34fulfillment

Direct fulfillment of God's sign that both of Eli's sons would die on the same day.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v10Psalms 78:60thematic

Explicit historical reflection on God forsaking the tabernacle of Shiloh in this defeat.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11Psalms 78:61thematic

Sobering poetic commentary describing the taking of the Ark as delivering His strength into captivity.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v11 Samuel 7:12allusion

The place of battle, Eben-ezer, is named by anticipation of Samuel's later memorial stone.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v11 Samuel 3:11fulfillment

The disastrous events fulfill the ears-tingling judgment prophecy God revealed to young Samuel.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v3Jeremiah 7:12thematic

God warns Judah of judgment by pointing to what He did to Shiloh in this era.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v4Exodus 25:22thematic

Defines the description of the Ark of the Lord of hosts dwelling between the cherubim.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v3Numbers 10:33contrast

Contrast: Israel falsely trusted the Ark's physical presence rather than the Lord of the covenant.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v11Psalms 78:64thematic

Describes the death of the priests (Hophni and Phinehas) and lack of lamentation.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v21Genesis 35:18thematic

Parallel naming of a child on a mother's deathbed amid national and familial distress.

Supported by JFB

v3Jeremiah 7:4thematic

Rebukes the superstitious trust in external religious institutions without corresponding internal obedience.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v12Joshua 7:6thematic

Identical cultural gestures of extreme mourning (rent clothes, dust/earth on the head) after defeat.

v21Romans 9:4thematic

Connects the glory of God in Israel with the Ark and the covenants.

v1Joshua 15:53thematic

Helps geographically identify Aphek as a border city within the territory of Judah.

Supported by Matthew Poole