Galatians 4ASV
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Galatians4

American Standard Version · Public Domain

1But I say that so long as the heir is a child, he differeth nothing from a bondservant though he is lord of all;

2but is under guardians and stewards until the day appointed of the father.

3So we also, when we were children, were held in bondage under the rudiments of the world:

4but when the fulness of the time came, God sent forth his Son, born of a woman, born under the law,

5that he might redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.

6And because ye are sons, God sent forth the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, Abba, Father.

7So that thou art no longer a bondservant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir through God.

8Howbeit at that time, not knowing God, ye were in bondage to them that by nature are no gods:

9but now that ye have come to know God, or rather to be known by God, how turn ye back again to the weak and beggarly rudiments, whereunto ye desire to be in bondage over again?

10Ye observe days, and months, and seasons, and years.

11I am afraid of you, lest by any means I have bestowed labor upon you in vain.

12I beseech you, brethren, become as I am, for I also am become as ye are. Ye did me no wrong:

13but ye know that because of an infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you the first time:

14and that which was a temptation to you in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but ye received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.

15Where then is that gratulation of yourselves? for I bear you witness, that, if possible, ye would have plucked out your eyes and given them to me.

16So then am I become your enemy, by telling you the truth?

17They zealously seek you in no good way; nay, they desire to shut you out, that ye may seek them.

18But it is good to be zealously sought in a good matter at all times, and not only when I am present with you.

19My little children, of whom I am again in travail until Christ be formed in you—

20but I could wish to be present with you now, and to change my tone; for I am perplexed about you.

21Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?

22For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, one by the handmaid, and one by the freewoman.

23Howbeit the son by the handmaid is born after the flesh; but the son by the freewoman is born through promise.

24Which things contain an allegory: for these women are two covenants; one from mount Sinai, bearing children unto bondage, which is Hagar.

25Now this Hagar is mount Sinai in Arabia and answereth to the Jerusalem that now is: for she is in bondage with her children.

26But the Jerusalem that is above is free, which is our mother.

27For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; Break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: For more are the children of the desolate than of her that hath the husband.

28Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are children of promise.

29But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, so also it is now.

30Howbeit what saith the scripture? Cast out the handmaid and her son: for the son of the handmaid shall not inherit with the son of the freewoman.

31Wherefore, brethren, we are not children of a handmaid, but of the freewoman.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Galatians 4.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The folly of returning to legal observances for justification. (1–7). The happy change made in the Gentile believers. (8–11). The apostle reasons against following false teachers. (12–18). He expresses his earnest concern for them. (19, 20). And then explains the difference between what is to be expected from the law, and from the gospel. (21–31).

vv1-7

The apostle deals plainly with those who urged the law of Moses together with the gospel of Christ, and endeavoured to bring believers under its bondage. They could not fully understand the meaning of the law as given by Moses. And as that was a dispensation of darkness, so of bondage; they were tied to many burdensome rites and observances, by which they were taught and kept subject like a child under tutors and governors. We learn the happier state of Christians under the gospel dispensation. From these verses see the wonders of Divine love and mercy; particularly of God the Father, in sending his Son into the world to redeem and save us; of the Son of God, in submitting so low, and suffering so much for us; and of the Holy Spirit, in condescending to dwell in the hearts of believers, for such gracious purposes. Also, the advantages Christians enjoy under the gospel. Although by nature children of wrath and disobedience, they become by grace children of love, and partake of the nature of the children of God; for he will have all his children resemble him. Among men the eldest son is heir; but all God's children shall have the inheritance of eldest sons. May the temper and conduct of sons ever show our adoption; and may the Holy Spirit witness with our spirits that we are children and heirs of God.

vv8-11

The happy change whereby the Galatians were turned from idols to the living God, and through Christ had received the adoption of sons, was the effect of his free and rich grace; they were laid under the greater obligation to keep to the liberty wherewith he had made them free. All our knowledge of God begins on his part; we know him because we are known of him. Though our religion forbids idolatry, yet many practise spiritual idolatry in their hearts. For what a man loves most, and cares most for, that is his god: some have their riches for their god, some their pleasures, and some their lusts. And many ignorantly worship a god of their own making; a god made all of mercy and no justice. For they persuade themselves that there is mercy for them with God, though they repent not, but go on in their sins. It is possible for those who have made great professions of religion, to be afterwards drawn aside from purity and simplicity. And the more mercy God has shown, in bringing any to know the gospel, and the liberties and privileges of it, the greater their sin and folly in suffering themselves to be deprived of them. Hence all who are members of the outward church should learn to fear and to suspect themselves. We must not be content because we have some good things in ourselves. Paul fears lest his labour is in vain, yet he still labours; and thus to do, whatever follows, is true wisdom and the fear of God. This every man must remember in his place and calling.

vv12-18

The apostle desires that they would be of one mind with him respecting the law of Moses, as well as united with him in love. In reproving others, we should take care to convince them that our reproofs are from sincere regard to the honour of God and religion and their welfare. The apostle reminds the Galatians of the difficulty under which he laboured when he first came among them. But he notices, that he was a welcome messenger to them. Yet how very uncertain are the favour and respect of men! Let us labour to be accepted of God. You once thought yourselves happy in receiving the gospel; have you now reason to think otherwise? Christians must not forbear speaking the truth, for fear of offending others. The false teachers who drew the Galatians from the truth of the gospel were designing men. They pretended affection, but they were not sincere and upright. An excellent rule is given. It is good to be zealous always in a good thing; not for a time only, or now and then, but always. Happy would it be for the church of Christ, if this zeal was better maintained.

Cross References

Galatians 4
v6Romans 8:15allusion

Direct parallel showing adoption by the Spirit crying 'Abba, Father' instead of a spirit of bondage.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v27Isaiah 54:1-5quotation

Directly quoted by Paul to prove the barren woman (Sarah/Gentile church) has more children than the married.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB

v30Genesis 21:10quotation

Directly quoted: 'Cast out the bondwoman and her son,' applying the history as an allegory.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v5Galatians 3:13thematic

Explains Christ redeeming those under the curse/demands of the law to secure our adoption.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v26Hebrews 12:22allusion

Matches the 'Jerusalem which is above is free' with the 'heavenly Jerusalem' of the new covenant.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v3Colossians 2:20allusion

Uses the identical term 'elements/rudiments of the world' to describe ritualistic and elementary bondage.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Ephesians 1:10thematic

Connects 'fulness of the time' with God's eternal timing and the dispensation of the fulness of times.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Romans 8:3thematic

Parallels God sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh to accomplish what law couldn't.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v22Genesis 16:15thematic

The historical record of Hagar bearing Ishmael, whom Paul identifies as the son of the bondwoman.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v23Romans 9:7thematic

Parallels the theological distinction between Abraham's fleshly descendants and the children of the promise.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v29Genesis 21:9allusion

The historical account of Ishmael mocking Isaac, which Paul allegorizes as fleshly persecution of spiritual sons.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v2Galatians 3:24allusion

Connects the 'tutors and governors' under which the heir is kept to the law as schoolmaster.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4John 8:35thematic

Parallels the contrast between the servant who abides not forever and the Son who abides ever.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v10Colossians 2:16thematic

Parallels the condemnation of legalistic observance of holy days, new moons, and sabbaths.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

Sheds light on Paul's 'infirmity of the flesh' and 'temptation' as a bodily weakness/thorn.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

Expresses Paul's parental anxiety that the minds of his converts are being corrupted from gospel simplicity.

Supported by Matthew Henry