Galatians 4NIV
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Galatians4

New International Version

1What I am saying is that as long as an heir is underage, he is no different from a slave, although he owns the whole estate.

2The heir is subject to guardians and trustees until the time set by his father.

3So also, when we were underage, we were in slavery under the elemental spiritual forces of the world.

4But when the set time had fully come, God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law,

5to redeem those under the law, that we might receive adoption to sonship.

6Because you are his sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, the Spirit who calls out, “Abba, Father.”

7So you are no longer a slave, but God’s child; and since you are his child, God has made you also an heir.

8Formerly, when you did not know God, you were slaves to those who by nature are not gods.

9But now that you know God—or rather are known by God—how is it that you are turning back to those weak and miserable forces? Do you wish to be enslaved by them all over again?

10You are observing special days and months and seasons and years!

11I fear for you, that somehow I have wasted my efforts on you.

12I plead with you, brothers and sisters, become like me, for I became like you. You did me no wrong.

13As you know, it was because of an illness that I first preached the gospel to you,

14and even though my illness was a trial to you, you did not treat me with contempt or scorn. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel of God, as if I were Christ Jesus himself.

15Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.

16Have I now become your enemy by telling you the truth?

17Those people are zealous to win you over, but for no good. What they want is to alienate you from us, so that you may have zeal for them.

18It is fine to be zealous, provided the purpose is good, and to be so always, not just when I am with you.

19My dear children, for whom I am again in the pains of childbirth until Christ is formed in you,

20how I wish I could be with you now and change my tone, because I am perplexed about you!

21Tell me, you who want to be under the law, are you not aware of what the law says?

22For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and the other by the free woman.

23His son by the slave woman was born according to the flesh, but his son by the free woman was born as the result of a divine promise.

24These things are being taken figuratively: The women represent two covenants. One covenant is from Mount Sinai and bears children who are to be slaves: This is Hagar.

25Now Hagar stands for Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem, because she is in slavery with her children.

26But the Jerusalem that is above is free, and she is our mother.

27For it is written: “Be glad, barren woman, you who never bore a child; shout for joy and cry aloud, you who were never in labor; because more are the children of the desolate woman than of her who has a husband.”

28Now you, brothers and sisters, like Isaac, are children of promise.

29At that time the son born according to the flesh persecuted the son born by the power of the Spirit. It is the same now.

30But what does Scripture say? “Get rid of the slave woman and her son, for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with the free woman’s son.”

31Therefore, brothers and sisters, we are not children of the slave woman, but of the free woman.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Galatians 4.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The folly of returning to legal observances for justification. (1–7). The happy change made in the Gentile believers. (8–11). The apostle reasons against following false teachers. (12–18). He expresses his earnest concern for them. (19, 20). And then explains the difference between what is to be expected from the law, and from the gospel. (21–31).

vv1-7

The apostle deals plainly with those who urged the law of Moses together with the gospel of Christ, and endeavoured to bring believers under its bondage. They could not fully understand the meaning of the law as given by Moses. And as that was a dispensation of darkness, so of bondage; they were tied to many burdensome rites and observances, by which they were taught and kept subject like a child under tutors and governors. We learn the happier state of Christians under the gospel dispensation. From these verses see the wonders of Divine love and mercy; particularly of God the Father, in sending his Son into the world to redeem and save us; of the Son of God, in submitting so low, and suffering so much for us; and of the Holy Spirit, in condescending to dwell in the hearts of believers, for such gracious purposes. Also, the advantages Christians enjoy under the gospel. Although by nature children of wrath and disobedience, they become by grace children of love, and partake of the nature of the children of God; for he will have all his children resemble him. Among men the eldest son is heir; but all God's children shall have the inheritance of eldest sons. May the temper and conduct of sons ever show our adoption; and may the Holy Spirit witness with our spirits that we are children and heirs of God.

vv8-11

The happy change whereby the Galatians were turned from idols to the living God, and through Christ had received the adoption of sons, was the effect of his free and rich grace; they were laid under the greater obligation to keep to the liberty wherewith he had made them free. All our knowledge of God begins on his part; we know him because we are known of him. Though our religion forbids idolatry, yet many practise spiritual idolatry in their hearts. For what a man loves most, and cares most for, that is his god: some have their riches for their god, some their pleasures, and some their lusts. And many ignorantly worship a god of their own making; a god made all of mercy and no justice. For they persuade themselves that there is mercy for them with God, though they repent not, but go on in their sins. It is possible for those who have made great professions of religion, to be afterwards drawn aside from purity and simplicity. And the more mercy God has shown, in bringing any to know the gospel, and the liberties and privileges of it, the greater their sin and folly in suffering themselves to be deprived of them. Hence all who are members of the outward church should learn to fear and to suspect themselves. We must not be content because we have some good things in ourselves. Paul fears lest his labour is in vain, yet he still labours; and thus to do, whatever follows, is true wisdom and the fear of God. This every man must remember in his place and calling.

vv12-18

The apostle desires that they would be of one mind with him respecting the law of Moses, as well as united with him in love. In reproving others, we should take care to convince them that our reproofs are from sincere regard to the honour of God and religion and their welfare. The apostle reminds the Galatians of the difficulty under which he laboured when he first came among them. But he notices, that he was a welcome messenger to them. Yet how very uncertain are the favour and respect of men! Let us labour to be accepted of God. You once thought yourselves happy in receiving the gospel; have you now reason to think otherwise? Christians must not forbear speaking the truth, for fear of offending others. The false teachers who drew the Galatians from the truth of the gospel were designing men. They pretended affection, but they were not sincere and upright. An excellent rule is given. It is good to be zealous always in a good thing; not for a time only, or now and then, but always. Happy would it be for the church of Christ, if this zeal was better maintained.

Cross References

Galatians 4
v6Romans 8:15allusion

Direct parallel showing adoption by the Spirit crying 'Abba, Father' instead of a spirit of bondage.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v27Isaiah 54:1-5quotation

Directly quoted by Paul to prove the barren woman (Sarah/Gentile church) has more children than the married.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB

v30Genesis 21:10quotation

Directly quoted: 'Cast out the bondwoman and her son,' applying the history as an allegory.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v5Galatians 3:13thematic

Explains Christ redeeming those under the curse/demands of the law to secure our adoption.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v26Hebrews 12:22allusion

Matches the 'Jerusalem which is above is free' with the 'heavenly Jerusalem' of the new covenant.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v3Colossians 2:20allusion

Uses the identical term 'elements/rudiments of the world' to describe ritualistic and elementary bondage.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Ephesians 1:10thematic

Connects 'fulness of the time' with God's eternal timing and the dispensation of the fulness of times.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Romans 8:3thematic

Parallels God sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh to accomplish what law couldn't.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v22Genesis 16:15thematic

The historical record of Hagar bearing Ishmael, whom Paul identifies as the son of the bondwoman.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v23Romans 9:7thematic

Parallels the theological distinction between Abraham's fleshly descendants and the children of the promise.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v29Genesis 21:9allusion

The historical account of Ishmael mocking Isaac, which Paul allegorizes as fleshly persecution of spiritual sons.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v2Galatians 3:24allusion

Connects the 'tutors and governors' under which the heir is kept to the law as schoolmaster.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4John 8:35thematic

Parallels the contrast between the servant who abides not forever and the Son who abides ever.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v10Colossians 2:16thematic

Parallels the condemnation of legalistic observance of holy days, new moons, and sabbaths.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

Sheds light on Paul's 'infirmity of the flesh' and 'temptation' as a bodily weakness/thorn.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

Expresses Paul's parental anxiety that the minds of his converts are being corrupted from gospel simplicity.

Supported by Matthew Henry