Galatians 4NASB
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Galatians4

New American Standard

1Now I say, as long as the heir is a child, he does not differ at all from a slave, although he is owner of everything,

2but he is under guardians and managers until the date set by the father.

3So we too, when we were children, were held in bondage under the elementary principles of the world.

4But when the fullness of the time came, God sent His Son, born of a woman, born under the Law,

5so that He might redeem those who were under the Law, that we might receive the adoption as sons and daughters.

6Because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of His Son into our hearts, crying out, “Abba! Father!”

7Therefore you are no longer a slave, but a son; and if a son, then an heir through God.

8However at that time, when you did not know God, you were slaves to those which by nature are not gods.

9But now that you have come to know God, or rather to be known by God, how is it that you turn back again to the weak and worthless elementary principles, to which you want to be enslaved all over again?

10You meticulously observe days and months and seasons and years.

11I fear for you, that perhaps I have labored over you in vain.

12I beg of you, brothers and sisters, become as I am, for I also have become as you are. You have done me no wrong;

13but you know that it was because of a bodily illness that I preached the gospel to you the first time;

14and you did not despise that which was a trial to you in my bodily condition, nor express contempt, but you received me as an angel of God, as Christ Jesus Himself.

15Where then is that sense of blessing you had? For I testify about you that, if possible, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.

16So have I become your enemy by telling you the truth?

17They eagerly seek you, not in a commendable way, but they want to shut you out so that you will seek them.

18But it is good always to be eagerly sought in a commendable way, and not only when I am present with you.

19My children, with whom I am again in labor until Christ is formed in you—

20but I could wish to be present with you now and to change my tone of voice, for I am at a loss about you!

21Tell me, you who want to be under law, do you not listen to the Law?

22For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and one by the free woman.

23But the son by the slave woman was born according to the flesh, and the son by the free woman through the promise.

24This is speaking allegorically, for these women are two covenants: one coming from Mount Sinai giving birth to children who are to be slaves; she is Hagar.

25Now this Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is enslaved with her children.

26But the Jerusalem above is free; she is our mother.

27For it is written: “Rejoice, infertile one, you who do not give birth; Break forth and shout, you who are not in labor; For the children of the desolate one are more numerous Than those of the one who has a husband.”

28And you, brothers and sisters, like Isaac, are children of promise.

29But as at that time the son who was born according to the flesh persecuted the one who was born according to the Spirit, so it is even now.

30But what does the Scripture say? “Drive out the slave woman and her son, For the son of the slave woman shall not be an heir with the son of the free woman.”

31So then, brothers and sisters, we are not children of a slave woman, but of the free woman.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Galatians 4.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The folly of returning to legal observances for justification. (1–7). The happy change made in the Gentile believers. (8–11). The apostle reasons against following false teachers. (12–18). He expresses his earnest concern for them. (19, 20). And then explains the difference between what is to be expected from the law, and from the gospel. (21–31).

vv1-7

The apostle deals plainly with those who urged the law of Moses together with the gospel of Christ, and endeavoured to bring believers under its bondage. They could not fully understand the meaning of the law as given by Moses. And as that was a dispensation of darkness, so of bondage; they were tied to many burdensome rites and observances, by which they were taught and kept subject like a child under tutors and governors. We learn the happier state of Christians under the gospel dispensation. From these verses see the wonders of Divine love and mercy; particularly of God the Father, in sending his Son into the world to redeem and save us; of the Son of God, in submitting so low, and suffering so much for us; and of the Holy Spirit, in condescending to dwell in the hearts of believers, for such gracious purposes. Also, the advantages Christians enjoy under the gospel. Although by nature children of wrath and disobedience, they become by grace children of love, and partake of the nature of the children of God; for he will have all his children resemble him. Among men the eldest son is heir; but all God's children shall have the inheritance of eldest sons. May the temper and conduct of sons ever show our adoption; and may the Holy Spirit witness with our spirits that we are children and heirs of God.

vv8-11

The happy change whereby the Galatians were turned from idols to the living God, and through Christ had received the adoption of sons, was the effect of his free and rich grace; they were laid under the greater obligation to keep to the liberty wherewith he had made them free. All our knowledge of God begins on his part; we know him because we are known of him. Though our religion forbids idolatry, yet many practise spiritual idolatry in their hearts. For what a man loves most, and cares most for, that is his god: some have their riches for their god, some their pleasures, and some their lusts. And many ignorantly worship a god of their own making; a god made all of mercy and no justice. For they persuade themselves that there is mercy for them with God, though they repent not, but go on in their sins. It is possible for those who have made great professions of religion, to be afterwards drawn aside from purity and simplicity. And the more mercy God has shown, in bringing any to know the gospel, and the liberties and privileges of it, the greater their sin and folly in suffering themselves to be deprived of them. Hence all who are members of the outward church should learn to fear and to suspect themselves. We must not be content because we have some good things in ourselves. Paul fears lest his labour is in vain, yet he still labours; and thus to do, whatever follows, is true wisdom and the fear of God. This every man must remember in his place and calling.

vv12-18

The apostle desires that they would be of one mind with him respecting the law of Moses, as well as united with him in love. In reproving others, we should take care to convince them that our reproofs are from sincere regard to the honour of God and religion and their welfare. The apostle reminds the Galatians of the difficulty under which he laboured when he first came among them. But he notices, that he was a welcome messenger to them. Yet how very uncertain are the favour and respect of men! Let us labour to be accepted of God. You once thought yourselves happy in receiving the gospel; have you now reason to think otherwise? Christians must not forbear speaking the truth, for fear of offending others. The false teachers who drew the Galatians from the truth of the gospel were designing men. They pretended affection, but they were not sincere and upright. An excellent rule is given. It is good to be zealous always in a good thing; not for a time only, or now and then, but always. Happy would it be for the church of Christ, if this zeal was better maintained.

Cross References

Galatians 4
v6Romans 8:15allusion

Direct parallel showing adoption by the Spirit crying 'Abba, Father' instead of a spirit of bondage.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v27Isaiah 54:1-5quotation

Directly quoted by Paul to prove the barren woman (Sarah/Gentile church) has more children than the married.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB

v30Genesis 21:10quotation

Directly quoted: 'Cast out the bondwoman and her son,' applying the history as an allegory.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v5Galatians 3:13thematic

Explains Christ redeeming those under the curse/demands of the law to secure our adoption.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v26Hebrews 12:22allusion

Matches the 'Jerusalem which is above is free' with the 'heavenly Jerusalem' of the new covenant.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v3Colossians 2:20allusion

Uses the identical term 'elements/rudiments of the world' to describe ritualistic and elementary bondage.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Ephesians 1:10thematic

Connects 'fulness of the time' with God's eternal timing and the dispensation of the fulness of times.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Romans 8:3thematic

Parallels God sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh to accomplish what law couldn't.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v22Genesis 16:15thematic

The historical record of Hagar bearing Ishmael, whom Paul identifies as the son of the bondwoman.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v23Romans 9:7thematic

Parallels the theological distinction between Abraham's fleshly descendants and the children of the promise.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v29Genesis 21:9allusion

The historical account of Ishmael mocking Isaac, which Paul allegorizes as fleshly persecution of spiritual sons.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v2Galatians 3:24allusion

Connects the 'tutors and governors' under which the heir is kept to the law as schoolmaster.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4John 8:35thematic

Parallels the contrast between the servant who abides not forever and the Son who abides ever.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v10Colossians 2:16thematic

Parallels the condemnation of legalistic observance of holy days, new moons, and sabbaths.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

Sheds light on Paul's 'infirmity of the flesh' and 'temptation' as a bodily weakness/thorn.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

Expresses Paul's parental anxiety that the minds of his converts are being corrupted from gospel simplicity.

Supported by Matthew Henry