1 Samuel28
New International Version
1In those days the Philistines gathered their forces to fight against Israel. Achish said to David, “You must understand that you and your men will accompany me in the army.”
2David said, “Then you will see for yourself what your servant can do.” Achish replied, “Very well, I will make you my bodyguard for life.”
3Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had mourned for him and buried him in his own town of Ramah. Saul had expelled the mediums and spiritists from the land.
4The Philistines assembled and came and set up camp at Shunem, while Saul gathered all Israel and set up camp at Gilboa.
5When Saul saw the Philistine army, he was afraid; terror filled his heart.
6He inquired of the Lord, but the Lord did not answer him by dreams or Urim or prophets.
7Saul then said to his attendants, “Find me a woman who is a medium, so I may go and inquire of her.” “There is one in Endor,” they said.
8So Saul disguised himself, putting on other clothes, and at night he and two men went to the woman. “Consult a spirit for me,” he said, “and bring up for me the one I name.”
9But the woman said to him, “Surely you know what Saul has done. He has cut off the mediums and spiritists from the land. Why have you set a trap for my life to bring about my death?”
10Saul swore to her by the Lord, “As surely as the Lord lives, you will not be punished for this.”
11Then the woman asked, “Whom shall I bring up for you?” “Bring up Samuel,” he said.
12When the woman saw Samuel, she cried out at the top of her voice and said to Saul, “Why have you deceived me? You are Saul!”
13The king said to her, “Don’t be afraid. What do you see?” The woman said, “I see a ghostly figure coming up out of the earth.”
14“What does he look like?” he asked. “An old man wearing a robe is coming up,” she said. Then Saul knew it was Samuel, and he bowed down and prostrated himself with his face to the ground.
15Samuel said to Saul, “Why have you disturbed me by bringing me up?” “I am in great distress,” Saul said. “The Philistines are fighting against me, and God has departed from me. He no longer answers me, either by prophets or by dreams. So I have called on you to tell me what to do.”
16Samuel said, “Why do you consult me, now that the Lord has departed from you and become your enemy?
17The Lord has done what he predicted through me. The Lord has torn the kingdom out of your hands and given it to one of your neighbors—to David.
18Because you did not obey the Lord or carry out his fierce wrath against the Amalekites, the Lord has done this to you today.
19The Lord will deliver both Israel and you into the hands of the Philistines, and tomorrow you and your sons will be with me. The Lord will also give the army of Israel into the hands of the Philistines.”
20Immediately Saul fell full length on the ground, filled with fear because of Samuel’s words. His strength was gone, for he had eaten nothing all that day and all that night.
21When the woman came to Saul and saw that he was greatly shaken, she said, “Look, your servant has obeyed you. I took my life in my hands and did what you told me to do.
22Now please listen to your servant and let me give you some food so you may eat and have the strength to go on your way.”
23He refused and said, “I will not eat.” But his men joined the woman in urging him, and he listened to them. He got up from the ground and sat on the couch.
24The woman had a fattened calf at the house, which she butchered at once. She took some flour, kneaded it and baked bread without yeast.
25Then she set it before Saul and his men, and they ate. That same night they got up and left.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 28.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Achish puts confidence in David, Saul's fear. (1–6). Saul consults a witch at Endor. (7–19). Saul's terror. (20–25).
vv1-6
David could not refuse Achish without danger. If he promised assistance, and then stood neuter, or went over to the Israelites, he would behave with ingratitude and treachery. If he fought against Israel, he would sin greatly. It seemed impossible that he should get out of this difficulty with a clear conscience; but his evasive answer, intended to gain time, was not consistent with the character of an Israelite indeed. Troubles are terrors to the children of disobedience. In his distress, Saul inquired of the Lord. He did not seek in faith, but with a double, unstable mind. Saul had put the law in force against those that had familiar spirits, Ex 22:18. Many seem zealous against, sin, when they are any way hurt by it, who have no concern for the glory of God, nor any dislike of sin as sin. Many seem enemies to sin in others, while they indulge it in themselves. Saul will drive the devil out of his kingdom, yet harbours him in his heart by envy and malice. How foolish to consult those whom, according to God's law, he had endeavoured to root out!
vv7-19
When we go from the plain path of duty, every thing draws us further aside, and increases our perplexity and temptation. Saul desires the woman to bring one from the dead, with whom he wished to speak; this was expressly forbidden, De 18:11. All real or pretended witchcraft or conjuration, is a malicious or an ignorant attempt to gain knowledge or help from some creature, when it cannot be had from the Lord in the path of duty. While Samuel was living, we never read of Saul's going to advise with him in any difficulties; it had been well for him if he had. But now he is dead, “Bring me up Samuel.” Many who despise and persecute God's saints and ministers when living, would be glad to have them again, when they are gone. The whole shows that it was no human fraud or trick. Though the woman could not cause Samuel's being sent, yet Saul's inquiry might be the occasion of it. The woman's surprise and terror proved that it was an unusual and unexpected appearance. Saul had despised Samuel's solemn warnings in his lifetime, yet now that he hoped, as in defiance of God, to obtain some counsel and encouragement from him, might not God permit the soul of his departed prophet to appear to Saul, to confirm his former sentence, and denounce his doom? The expression, “Thou and thy sons shall be with me,” means no more than that they shall be in the eternal world. There appears much solemnity in God's permitting the soul of a departed prophet to come as a witness from heaven, to confirm the word he had spoken on earth.
vv20-25
Those that expect any good counsel or comfort, otherwise than from God, and in the way of his institutions, will be as wretchedly disappointed as Saul. Though terrified even to despair, he was not humbled. He confessed not his sins, offered no sacrifices, and presented no supplications. He does not seem to have cared about his sons or his people, or to have attempted any escape; but in sullen despair he rushed upon his doom. God sets up a few such beacons, to warn men not to stifle convictions, or despise his word. But while one repenting thought remains, let no sinner suppose himself in this case. Let him humble himself before God, determined to live and die beseeching his favour, and he will succeed.
Key Words
הֵם: they (only used when emphatic)
יוֹם: a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)
פְּלִשְׁתִּי: a Pelishtite or inhabitant of Pelesheth
קָבַץ: to grasp, i.e. collect
מַחֲנֶה: an encampment (of travellers or troops); hence, an army, whether literal (of soldiers) or figurative (of dancers, angels, cattle, locusts, stars; or even the sacred courts)
צָבָא: a mass of persons (or figuratively, things), especially reg. organized forwar (an army); by implication, a campaign, literally or figuratively (specifically, hardship, worship)
לָחַם: to feed on; figuratively, to consume; by implication, to battle (as destruction)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
אֲכִישׁ: Akish, a Philistine king
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
Cross References
1 Samuel 28Scripture's explicit theological verdict that Saul died for his transgression and for asking counsel of a familiar spirit.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The Mosaic law explicitly forbidding consulting with familiar spirits, wizards, or necromancers.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Pentateuchal prohibition against seeking out familiar spirits and wizards, which Saul previously enforced.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Samuel's original indictment of Saul for sparing Amalek, which led to the loss of his kingdom.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Decrees the death penalty for mediums, highlighting the gravity of Saul's apostasy.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
An earlier instance where God refused to answer Saul, foreshadowing his complete abandonment.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Explains that Saul's insincere, faithless inquiries were spiritually equivalent to not inquiring of the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Prophetic condemnation of seeking the dead on behalf of the living instead of seeking God.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Samuel's previous prophetic declaration that the Lord had rent the kingdom of Israel from Saul.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
The civil command to not permit a witch to live, which Saul once executed.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Establishes the historical fact of Samuel's death and burial, explaining his absence.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The immediate historical fulfillment of Samuel's prophecy regarding the defeat of Israel at Gilboa.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Identifies Shunem's location in Issachar, establishing the geography of the Philistine encampment.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Samuel's mantle, torn by Saul, is again featured as his identifying garment in this vision.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Confirms that the Spirit of the Lord had departed from Saul, explaining God's silence.
Supported by Matthew Poole
A thematic parallel to the custom of quickly killing and preparing a calf for guests.
Supported by JFB