Genesis18
New International Version
1The Lord appeared to Abraham near the great trees of Mamre while he was sitting at the entrance to his tent in the heat of the day.
2Abraham looked up and saw three men standing nearby. When he saw them, he hurried from the entrance of his tent to meet them and bowed low to the ground.
3He said, “If I have found favor in your eyes, my lord, do not pass your servant by.
4Let a little water be brought, and then you may all wash your feet and rest under this tree.
5Let me get you something to eat, so you can be refreshed and then go on your way—now that you have come to your servant.” “Very well,” they answered, “do as you say.”
6So Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah. “Quick,” he said, “get three seahs of the finest flour and knead it and bake some bread.”
7Then he ran to the herd and selected a choice, tender calf and gave it to a servant, who hurried to prepare it.
8He then brought some curds and milk and the calf that had been prepared, and set these before them. While they ate, he stood near them under a tree.
9“Where is your wife Sarah?” they asked him. “There, in the tent,” he said.
10Then one of them said, “I will surely return to you about this time next year, and Sarah your wife will have a son.” Now Sarah was listening at the entrance to the tent, which was behind him.
11Abraham and Sarah were already very old, and Sarah was past the age of childbearing.
12So Sarah laughed to herself as she thought, “After I am worn out and my lord is old, will I now have this pleasure?”
13Then the Lord said to Abraham, “Why did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really have a child, now that I am old?’
14Is anything too hard for the Lord? I will return to you at the appointed time next year, and Sarah will have a son.”
15Sarah was afraid, so she lied and said, “I did not laugh.” But he said, “Yes, you did laugh.”
16When the men got up to leave, they looked down toward Sodom, and Abraham walked along with them to see them on their way.
17Then the Lord said, “Shall I hide from Abraham what I am about to do?
18Abraham will surely become a great and powerful nation, and all nations on earth will be blessed through him.
19For I have chosen him, so that he will direct his children and his household after him to keep the way of the Lord by doing what is right and just, so that the Lord will bring about for Abraham what he has promised him.”
20Then the Lord said, “The outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great and their sin so grievous
21that I will go down and see if what they have done is as bad as the outcry that has reached me. If not, I will know.”
22The men turned away and went toward Sodom, but Abraham remained standing before the Lord.
23Then Abraham approached him and said: “Will you sweep away the righteous with the wicked?
24What if there are fifty righteous people in the city? Will you really sweep it away and not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous people in it?
25Far be it from you to do such a thing—to kill the righteous with the wicked, treating the righteous and the wicked alike. Far be it from you! Will not the Judge of all the earth do right?”
26The Lord said, “If I find fifty righteous people in the city of Sodom, I will spare the whole place for their sake.”
27Then Abraham spoke up again: “Now that I have been so bold as to speak to the Lord, though I am nothing but dust and ashes,
28what if the number of the righteous is five less than fifty? Will you destroy the whole city for lack of five people?” “If I find forty-five there,” he said, “I will not destroy it.”
29Once again he spoke to him, “What if only forty are found there?” He said, “For the sake of forty, I will not do it.”
30Then he said, “May the Lord not be angry, but let me speak. What if only thirty can be found there?” He answered, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.”
31Abraham said, “Now that I have been so bold as to speak to the Lord, what if only twenty can be found there?” He said, “For the sake of twenty, I will not destroy it.”
32Then he said, “May the Lord not be angry, but let me speak just once more. What if only ten can be found there?” He answered, “For the sake of ten, I will not destroy it.”
33When the Lord had finished speaking with Abraham, he left, and Abraham returned home.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 18.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The Lord appears to Abraham. (1–8). Sarah's unbelief reproved. (9–15). God reveals to Abraham the destruction of Sodom. (16–22). Abraham's intercession for Sodom. (23–33).
vv1-8
Abraham was waiting to entertain any weary traveller, for inns were not to be met with as among us. While Abraham was thus sitting, he saw three men coming. These were three heavenly beings in human bodies. Some think they were all created angels; others, that one of them was the Son of God, the Angel of the covenant. Washing the feet is customary in those hot climates, where only sandals are worn. We should not be forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have entertained angels unawares, Heb 13:2; nay, the Lord of angels himself; as we always do, when for his sake we entertain the least of his brethren. Cheerful and obliging manners in showing kindness, are great ornaments to piety. Though our condescending Lord vouchsafes not personal visits to us, yet still by his Spirit he stands at the door and knocks; when we are inclined to open, he deigns to enter; and by his gracious consolations he provides a rich feast, of which we partake with him, Re 3:20.
vv9-15
Where is Sarah thy wife? was asked. Note the answer, In the tent. Just at hand, in her proper place, occupied in her household concerns. There is nothing got by gadding. Those are most likely to receive comfort from God and his promises, who are in their proper place, and in the way of their duty, Lu 2:8. We are slow of heart to believe, and need line upon line to the same purport. The blessings others have from common providence, believers have from the Divine promise, which makes them very sweet, and very sure. The spiritual seed of Abraham owe their life, and joy, and hope, and all, to the promise. Sarah thinks this too good news to be true; she laughed, and therefore cannot as yet find in her heart to believe it. Sarah laughed. We might not have thought there was a difference between Sarah's laughter and Abraham's, ch. 17:17; but He who searches the heart, saw that the one sprung from unbelief, and the other from faith. She denied that she had laughed. One sin commonly brings in another, and it is not likely we shall strictly keep to truth, when we question the Divine truth. But whom the Lord loves he will rebuke, convict, silence, and bring to repentance, and if they sin before him.
vv16-22
The two who are supposed to have been created angels went toward Sodom. The one who is called Jehovah throughout the chapter, continued with Abraham, and would not hide from him the thing he intended to do. Though God long forbears with sinners, from which they fancy that the Lord does not see, and does not regard; yet when the day of his wrath comes, he will look toward them. The Lord will give Abraham an opportunity to intercede with him, and shows him the reason of his conduct. Consider, as a very bright part of Abraham's character and example, that he not only prayed with his family, but he was very careful to teach and rule them well. Those who expect family blessings must make conscience of family duty. Abraham did not fill their heads with matters of doubtful dispute; but he taught them to be serious and devout in the worship of God, and to be honest in their dealings with all men. Of how few may such a character be given in our days! How little care is taken by masters of families to ground those under them in the principles of religion! Do we watch from sabbath to sabbath whether they go forward or backward?
Key Words
רָאָה: to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
אֵלוֹן: an oak or other strong tree
מַמְרֵא: Mamre, an Amorite
יָשַׁב: properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry
פֶּתַח: an opening (literally), i.e. door (gate) or entrance way
אֹהֶל: a tent (as clearly conspicuous from a distance)
חֹם: heat
יוֹם: a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)
נָשָׂא: to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative
עַיִן: an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)
Cross References
Genesis 18Explicit NT commentary on Abraham entertaining angels unawares in this scene.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Paul quotes the promise 'at this time I will return' to establish sovereign election.
NT analysis of Abraham and Sarah's physical deadness, overcoming through faith.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Gabriel echoes the rhetorical question 'is anything too hard for the Lord' to Mary.
Directly echoes Abraham's appeal to the justice of God as the Judge of all the earth.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Peter praises Sarah calling her husband 'lord' as an example of godly subjection.
Parallels the assertion that 'there is nothing too hard' for God's omnipotent power.
Jesus references sharing secrets with friends, echoing God's decision not to hide things from Abraham.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies the destination of the two men/angels who left Abraham's presence for Sodom.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Illustrates the power and efficacy of the prayer and intercession of a righteous person.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Supports Abraham's confession of being 'dust and ashes', reflecting Adam's original sentence.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Elisha uses identical phrasing ('according to the time of life') to promise a son.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Contrasts Abraham's laughing of faith with Sarah's internal laugh of disbelief.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Confirms the principle that God does nothing without revealing secrets to His servants.
Highlights Abraham's unique status as the 'Friend of God' who receives divine counsel.
Parallel anthropomorphic expression where God 'goes down' to investigate human wickedness before judging.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Parallels God's willingness to spare a city if even one righteous person is found.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Gideon uses the identical humble plea, 'let not the Lord be angry,' in his intercession.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Repeats the foundational Abrahamic covenant promise of universal blessing.
NT confirmation that the gospel was preached to Abraham in this covenant promise.
Parallels Abraham's commitment to rule his household well with Joshua's family pledge.
Parallels how God spares or shortens judgments on places for the sake of the elect.
Supported by JFB
Parallels Abraham's self-abasement with Job's repentance in dust and ashes before God.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Illustrates persistence in prayer and intercession, mirroring Abraham's progressive bargaining.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Direct connection to the execution of the judgment announced here against Sodom.
Grounds the truth that God does not need to 'go down' to know, as all is open to Him.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Thematic contrast where God looks for someone to stand in the gap, as Abraham did.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Shows Abraham returning to the exact place where he stood interceding before the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The origin of man from the dust, grounding Abraham's 'dust and ashes' expression.
Supported by Matthew Poole