Genesis18
World English Bible · Public Domain
1Yahweh appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day.
2He lifted up his eyes and looked, and saw that three men stood near him. When he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself to the earth,
3and said, “My lord, if now I have found favor in your sight, please don’t go away from your servant.
4Now let a little water be fetched, wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree.
5I will get a piece of bread so you can refresh your heart. After that you may go your way, now that you have come to your servant.” They said, “Very well, do as you have said.”
6Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah, and said, “Quickly prepare three seahs of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes.”
7Abraham ran to the herd, and fetched a tender and good calf, and gave it to the servant. He hurried to dress it.
8He took butter, milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them. He stood by them under the tree, and they ate.
9They asked him, “Where is Sarah, your wife?” He said, “There, in the tent.”
10He said, “I will certainly return to you at about this time next year; and behold, Sarah your wife will have a son.” Sarah heard in the tent door, which was behind him.
11Now Abraham and Sarah were old, well advanced in age. Sarah had passed the age of childbearing.
12Sarah laughed within herself, saying, “After I have grown old will I have pleasure, my lord being old also?”
13Yahweh said to Abraham, “Why did Sarah laugh, saying, ‘Will I really bear a child when I am old?’
14Is anything too hard for Yahweh? At the set time I will return to you, when the season comes around, and Sarah will have a son.”
15Then Sarah denied it, saying, “I didn’t laugh,” for she was afraid. He said, “No, but you did laugh.”
16The men rose up from there, and looked toward Sodom. Abraham went with them to see them on their way.
17Yahweh said, “Will I hide from Abraham what I do,
18since Abraham will surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth will be blessed in him?
19For I have known him, to the end that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of Yahweh, to do righteousness and justice; to the end that Yahweh may bring on Abraham that which he has spoken of him.”
20Yahweh said, “Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous,
21I will go down now, and see whether their deeds are as bad as the reports which have come to me. If not, I will know.”
22The men turned from there, and went toward Sodom, but Abraham stood yet before Yahweh.
23Abraham came near, and said, “Will you consume the righteous with the wicked?
24What if there are fifty righteous within the city? Will you consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous who are in it?
25May it be far from you to do things like that, to kill the righteous with the wicked, so that the righteous should be like the wicked. May that be far from you. Shouldn’t the Judge of all the earth do right?”
26Yahweh said, “If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare the whole place for their sake.”
27Abraham answered, “See now, I have taken it on myself to speak to the Lord, although I am dust and ashes.
28What if there will lack five of the fifty righteous? Will you destroy all the city for lack of five?” He said, “I will not destroy it if I find forty-five there.”
29He spoke to him yet again, and said, “What if there are forty found there?” He said, “I will not do it for the forty’s sake.”
30He said, “Oh don’t let the Lord be angry, and I will speak. What if there are thirty found there?” He said, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.”
31He said, “See now, I have taken it on myself to speak to the Lord. What if there are twenty found there?” He said, “I will not destroy it for the twenty’s sake.”
32He said, “Oh don’t let the Lord be angry, and I will speak just once more. What if ten are found there?” He said, “I will not destroy it for the ten’s sake.”
33Yahweh went his way as soon as he had finished communing with Abraham, and Abraham returned to his place.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 18.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The Lord appears to Abraham. (1–8). Sarah's unbelief reproved. (9–15). God reveals to Abraham the destruction of Sodom. (16–22). Abraham's intercession for Sodom. (23–33).
vv1-8
Abraham was waiting to entertain any weary traveller, for inns were not to be met with as among us. While Abraham was thus sitting, he saw three men coming. These were three heavenly beings in human bodies. Some think they were all created angels; others, that one of them was the Son of God, the Angel of the covenant. Washing the feet is customary in those hot climates, where only sandals are worn. We should not be forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have entertained angels unawares, Heb 13:2; nay, the Lord of angels himself; as we always do, when for his sake we entertain the least of his brethren. Cheerful and obliging manners in showing kindness, are great ornaments to piety. Though our condescending Lord vouchsafes not personal visits to us, yet still by his Spirit he stands at the door and knocks; when we are inclined to open, he deigns to enter; and by his gracious consolations he provides a rich feast, of which we partake with him, Re 3:20.
vv9-15
Where is Sarah thy wife? was asked. Note the answer, In the tent. Just at hand, in her proper place, occupied in her household concerns. There is nothing got by gadding. Those are most likely to receive comfort from God and his promises, who are in their proper place, and in the way of their duty, Lu 2:8. We are slow of heart to believe, and need line upon line to the same purport. The blessings others have from common providence, believers have from the Divine promise, which makes them very sweet, and very sure. The spiritual seed of Abraham owe their life, and joy, and hope, and all, to the promise. Sarah thinks this too good news to be true; she laughed, and therefore cannot as yet find in her heart to believe it. Sarah laughed. We might not have thought there was a difference between Sarah's laughter and Abraham's, ch. 17:17; but He who searches the heart, saw that the one sprung from unbelief, and the other from faith. She denied that she had laughed. One sin commonly brings in another, and it is not likely we shall strictly keep to truth, when we question the Divine truth. But whom the Lord loves he will rebuke, convict, silence, and bring to repentance, and if they sin before him.
vv16-22
The two who are supposed to have been created angels went toward Sodom. The one who is called Jehovah throughout the chapter, continued with Abraham, and would not hide from him the thing he intended to do. Though God long forbears with sinners, from which they fancy that the Lord does not see, and does not regard; yet when the day of his wrath comes, he will look toward them. The Lord will give Abraham an opportunity to intercede with him, and shows him the reason of his conduct. Consider, as a very bright part of Abraham's character and example, that he not only prayed with his family, but he was very careful to teach and rule them well. Those who expect family blessings must make conscience of family duty. Abraham did not fill their heads with matters of doubtful dispute; but he taught them to be serious and devout in the worship of God, and to be honest in their dealings with all men. Of how few may such a character be given in our days! How little care is taken by masters of families to ground those under them in the principles of religion! Do we watch from sabbath to sabbath whether they go forward or backward?
Key Words
רָאָה: to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
אֵלוֹן: an oak or other strong tree
מַמְרֵא: Mamre, an Amorite
יָשַׁב: properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry
פֶּתַח: an opening (literally), i.e. door (gate) or entrance way
אֹהֶל: a tent (as clearly conspicuous from a distance)
חֹם: heat
יוֹם: a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)
נָשָׂא: to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative
עַיִן: an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)
Cross References
Genesis 18Explicit NT commentary on Abraham entertaining angels unawares in this scene.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Paul quotes the promise 'at this time I will return' to establish sovereign election.
NT analysis of Abraham and Sarah's physical deadness, overcoming through faith.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Gabriel echoes the rhetorical question 'is anything too hard for the Lord' to Mary.
Directly echoes Abraham's appeal to the justice of God as the Judge of all the earth.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Peter praises Sarah calling her husband 'lord' as an example of godly subjection.
Parallels the assertion that 'there is nothing too hard' for God's omnipotent power.
Jesus references sharing secrets with friends, echoing God's decision not to hide things from Abraham.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies the destination of the two men/angels who left Abraham's presence for Sodom.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Illustrates the power and efficacy of the prayer and intercession of a righteous person.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Supports Abraham's confession of being 'dust and ashes', reflecting Adam's original sentence.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Elisha uses identical phrasing ('according to the time of life') to promise a son.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Contrasts Abraham's laughing of faith with Sarah's internal laugh of disbelief.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Confirms the principle that God does nothing without revealing secrets to His servants.
Highlights Abraham's unique status as the 'Friend of God' who receives divine counsel.
Parallel anthropomorphic expression where God 'goes down' to investigate human wickedness before judging.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Parallels God's willingness to spare a city if even one righteous person is found.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Gideon uses the identical humble plea, 'let not the Lord be angry,' in his intercession.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Repeats the foundational Abrahamic covenant promise of universal blessing.
NT confirmation that the gospel was preached to Abraham in this covenant promise.
Parallels Abraham's commitment to rule his household well with Joshua's family pledge.
Parallels how God spares or shortens judgments on places for the sake of the elect.
Supported by JFB
Parallels Abraham's self-abasement with Job's repentance in dust and ashes before God.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Illustrates persistence in prayer and intercession, mirroring Abraham's progressive bargaining.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Direct connection to the execution of the judgment announced here against Sodom.
Grounds the truth that God does not need to 'go down' to know, as all is open to Him.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Thematic contrast where God looks for someone to stand in the gap, as Abraham did.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Shows Abraham returning to the exact place where he stood interceding before the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The origin of man from the dust, grounding Abraham's 'dust and ashes' expression.
Supported by Matthew Poole