Genesis18
New King James Version
1Then the Lord appeared to him by the terebinth trees of Mamre, as he was sitting in the tent door in the heat of the day.
2So he lifted his eyes and looked, and behold, three men were standing by him; and when he saw them, he ran from the tent door to meet them, and bowed himself to the ground,
3and said, “My Lord, if I have now found favor in Your sight, do not pass on by Your servant.
4Please let a little water be brought, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree.
5And I will bring a morsel of bread, that you may refresh your hearts. After that you may pass by, inasmuch as you have come to your servant.” They said, “Do as you have said.”
6So Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah and said, “Quickly, make ready three measures of fine meal; knead it and make cakes.”
7And Abraham ran to the herd, took a tender and good calf, gave it to a young man, and he hastened to prepare it.
8So he took butter and milk and the calf which he had prepared, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree as they ate.
9Then they said to him, “Where is Sarah your wife?” So he said, “Here, in the tent.”
10And He said, “I will certainly return to you according to the time of life, and behold, Sarah your wife shall have a son.” (Sarah was listening in the tent door which was behind him.)
11Now Abraham and Sarah were old, well advanced in age; and Sarah had passed the age of childbearing.
12Therefore Sarah laughed within herself, saying, “After I have grown old, shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also?”
13And the Lord said to Abraham, “Why did Sarah laugh, saying, ‘Shall I surely bear a child, since I am old?’
14Is anything too hard for the Lord? At the appointed time I will return to you, according to the time of life, and Sarah shall have a son.”
15But Sarah denied it, saying, “I did not laugh,” for she was afraid. And He said, “No, but you did laugh!”
16Then the men rose from there and looked toward Sodom, and Abraham went with them to send them on the way.
17And the Lord said, “Shall I hide from Abraham what I am doing,
18since Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him?
19For I have known him, in order that he may command his children and his household after him, that they keep the way of the Lord, to do righteousness and justice, that the Lord may bring to Abraham what He has spoken to him.”
20And the Lord said, “Because the outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grave,
21I will go down now and see whether they have done altogether according to the outcry against it that has come to Me; and if not, I will know.”
22Then the men turned away from there and went toward Sodom, but Abraham still stood before the Lord.
23And Abraham came near and said, “Would You also destroy the righteous with the wicked?
24Suppose there were fifty righteous within the city; would You also destroy the place and not spare it for the fifty righteous that were in it?
25Far be it from You to do such a thing as this, to slay the righteous with the wicked, so that the righteous should be as the wicked; far be it from You! Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?”
26So the Lord said, “If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sakes.”
27Then Abraham answered and said, “Indeed now, I who am but dust and ashes have taken it upon myself to speak to the Lord:
28Suppose there were five less than the fifty righteous; would You destroy all of the city for lack of five?” So He said, “If I find there forty-five, I will not destroy it.”
29And he spoke to Him yet again and said, “Suppose there should be forty found there?” So He said, “I will not do it for the sake of forty.”
30Then he said, “Let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak: Suppose thirty should be found there?” So He said, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.”
31And he said, “Indeed now, I have taken it upon myself to speak to the Lord: Suppose twenty should be found there?” So He said, “I will not destroy it for the sake of twenty.”
32Then he said, “Let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak but once more: Suppose ten should be found there?” And He said, “I will not destroy it for the sake of ten.”
33So the Lord went His way as soon as He had finished speaking with Abraham; and Abraham returned to his place.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Genesis 18.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The Lord appears to Abraham. (1–8). Sarah's unbelief reproved. (9–15). God reveals to Abraham the destruction of Sodom. (16–22). Abraham's intercession for Sodom. (23–33).
vv1-8
Abraham was waiting to entertain any weary traveller, for inns were not to be met with as among us. While Abraham was thus sitting, he saw three men coming. These were three heavenly beings in human bodies. Some think they were all created angels; others, that one of them was the Son of God, the Angel of the covenant. Washing the feet is customary in those hot climates, where only sandals are worn. We should not be forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have entertained angels unawares, Heb 13:2; nay, the Lord of angels himself; as we always do, when for his sake we entertain the least of his brethren. Cheerful and obliging manners in showing kindness, are great ornaments to piety. Though our condescending Lord vouchsafes not personal visits to us, yet still by his Spirit he stands at the door and knocks; when we are inclined to open, he deigns to enter; and by his gracious consolations he provides a rich feast, of which we partake with him, Re 3:20.
vv9-15
Where is Sarah thy wife? was asked. Note the answer, In the tent. Just at hand, in her proper place, occupied in her household concerns. There is nothing got by gadding. Those are most likely to receive comfort from God and his promises, who are in their proper place, and in the way of their duty, Lu 2:8. We are slow of heart to believe, and need line upon line to the same purport. The blessings others have from common providence, believers have from the Divine promise, which makes them very sweet, and very sure. The spiritual seed of Abraham owe their life, and joy, and hope, and all, to the promise. Sarah thinks this too good news to be true; she laughed, and therefore cannot as yet find in her heart to believe it. Sarah laughed. We might not have thought there was a difference between Sarah's laughter and Abraham's, ch. 17:17; but He who searches the heart, saw that the one sprung from unbelief, and the other from faith. She denied that she had laughed. One sin commonly brings in another, and it is not likely we shall strictly keep to truth, when we question the Divine truth. But whom the Lord loves he will rebuke, convict, silence, and bring to repentance, and if they sin before him.
vv16-22
The two who are supposed to have been created angels went toward Sodom. The one who is called Jehovah throughout the chapter, continued with Abraham, and would not hide from him the thing he intended to do. Though God long forbears with sinners, from which they fancy that the Lord does not see, and does not regard; yet when the day of his wrath comes, he will look toward them. The Lord will give Abraham an opportunity to intercede with him, and shows him the reason of his conduct. Consider, as a very bright part of Abraham's character and example, that he not only prayed with his family, but he was very careful to teach and rule them well. Those who expect family blessings must make conscience of family duty. Abraham did not fill their heads with matters of doubtful dispute; but he taught them to be serious and devout in the worship of God, and to be honest in their dealings with all men. Of how few may such a character be given in our days! How little care is taken by masters of families to ground those under them in the principles of religion! Do we watch from sabbath to sabbath whether they go forward or backward?
Key Words
רָאָה: to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
אֵלוֹן: an oak or other strong tree
מַמְרֵא: Mamre, an Amorite
יָשַׁב: properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry
פֶּתַח: an opening (literally), i.e. door (gate) or entrance way
אֹהֶל: a tent (as clearly conspicuous from a distance)
חֹם: heat
יוֹם: a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)
נָשָׂא: to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative
עַיִן: an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)
Cross References
Genesis 18Explicit NT commentary on Abraham entertaining angels unawares in this scene.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Paul quotes the promise 'at this time I will return' to establish sovereign election.
NT analysis of Abraham and Sarah's physical deadness, overcoming through faith.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Gabriel echoes the rhetorical question 'is anything too hard for the Lord' to Mary.
Directly echoes Abraham's appeal to the justice of God as the Judge of all the earth.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Peter praises Sarah calling her husband 'lord' as an example of godly subjection.
Parallels the assertion that 'there is nothing too hard' for God's omnipotent power.
Jesus references sharing secrets with friends, echoing God's decision not to hide things from Abraham.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies the destination of the two men/angels who left Abraham's presence for Sodom.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Illustrates the power and efficacy of the prayer and intercession of a righteous person.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Supports Abraham's confession of being 'dust and ashes', reflecting Adam's original sentence.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Elisha uses identical phrasing ('according to the time of life') to promise a son.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Contrasts Abraham's laughing of faith with Sarah's internal laugh of disbelief.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Confirms the principle that God does nothing without revealing secrets to His servants.
Highlights Abraham's unique status as the 'Friend of God' who receives divine counsel.
Parallel anthropomorphic expression where God 'goes down' to investigate human wickedness before judging.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Parallels God's willingness to spare a city if even one righteous person is found.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Gideon uses the identical humble plea, 'let not the Lord be angry,' in his intercession.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Repeats the foundational Abrahamic covenant promise of universal blessing.
NT confirmation that the gospel was preached to Abraham in this covenant promise.
Parallels Abraham's commitment to rule his household well with Joshua's family pledge.
Parallels how God spares or shortens judgments on places for the sake of the elect.
Supported by JFB
Parallels Abraham's self-abasement with Job's repentance in dust and ashes before God.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Illustrates persistence in prayer and intercession, mirroring Abraham's progressive bargaining.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Direct connection to the execution of the judgment announced here against Sodom.
Grounds the truth that God does not need to 'go down' to know, as all is open to Him.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Thematic contrast where God looks for someone to stand in the gap, as Abraham did.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Shows Abraham returning to the exact place where he stood interceding before the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The origin of man from the dust, grounding Abraham's 'dust and ashes' expression.
Supported by Matthew Poole