Daniel8
New International Version
1In the third year of King Belshazzar’s reign, I, Daniel, had a vision, after the one that had already appeared to me.
2In my vision I saw myself in the citadel of Susa in the province of Elam; in the vision I was beside the Ulai Canal.
3I looked up, and there before me was a ram with two horns, standing beside the canal, and the horns were long. One of the horns was longer than the other but grew up later.
4I watched the ram as it charged toward the west and the north and the south. No animal could stand against it, and none could rescue from its power. It did as it pleased and became great.
5As I was thinking about this, suddenly a goat with a prominent horn between its eyes came from the west, crossing the whole earth without touching the ground.
6It came toward the two-horned ram I had seen standing beside the canal and charged at it in great rage.
7I saw it attack the ram furiously, striking the ram and shattering its two horns. The ram was powerless to stand against it; the goat knocked it to the ground and trampled on it, and none could rescue the ram from its power.
8The goat became very great, but at the height of its power the large horn was broken off, and in its place four prominent horns grew up toward the four winds of heaven.
9Out of one of them came another horn, which started small but grew in power to the south and to the east and toward the Beautiful Land.
10It grew until it reached the host of the heavens, and it threw some of the starry host down to the earth and trampled on them.
11It set itself up to be as great as the commander of the army of the Lord; it took away the daily sacrifice from the Lord, and his sanctuary was thrown down.
12Because of rebellion, the Lord’s people and the daily sacrifice were given over to it. It prospered in everything it did, and truth was thrown to the ground.
13Then I heard a holy one speaking, and another holy one said to him, “How long will it take for the vision to be fulfilled—the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, the rebellion that causes desolation, the surrender of the sanctuary and the trampling underfoot of the Lord’s people?”
14He said to me, “It will take 2,300 evenings and mornings; then the sanctuary will be reconsecrated.”
15While I, Daniel, was watching the vision and trying to understand it, there before me stood one who looked like a man.
16And I heard a man’s voice from the Ulai calling, “Gabriel, tell this man the meaning of the vision.”
17As he came near the place where I was standing, I was terrified and fell prostrate. “Son of man,” he said to me, “understand that the vision concerns the time of the end.”
18While he was speaking to me, I was in a deep sleep, with my face to the ground. Then he touched me and raised me to my feet.
19He said: “I am going to tell you what will happen later in the time of wrath, because the vision concerns the appointed time of the end.
20The two-horned ram that you saw represents the kings of Media and Persia.
21The shaggy goat is the king of Greece, and the large horn between its eyes is the first king.
22The four horns that replaced the one that was broken off represent four kingdoms that will emerge from his nation but will not have the same power.
23“In the latter part of their reign, when rebels have become completely wicked, a fierce-looking king, a master of intrigue, will arise.
24He will become very strong, but not by his own power. He will cause astounding devastation and will succeed in whatever he does. He will destroy those who are mighty, the holy people.
25He will cause deceit to prosper, and he will consider himself superior. When they feel secure, he will destroy many and take his stand against the Prince of princes. Yet he will be destroyed, but not by human power.
26“The vision of the evenings and mornings that has been given you is true, but seal up the vision, for it concerns the distant future.”
27I, Daniel, was worn out. I lay exhausted for several days. Then I got up and went about the king’s business. I was appalled by the vision; it was beyond understanding.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Daniel 8.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Daniel's vision of the ram and the he-goat. (1-14). The interpretation of it. (15-27).
vv1-14
God gives Daniel a foresight of the destruction of other kingdoms, which in their day were as powerful as that of Babylon. Could we foresee the changes that shall be when we are gone, we should be less affected with changes in our own day. The ram with two horns was the second empire, that of Media and Persia. He saw this ram overcome by a he-goat. This was Alexander the Great. Alexander, when about thirty-three years of age, and in his full strength, died, and showed the vanity of worldly pomp and power, and that they cannot make a man happy. While men dispute, as in the case of Alexander, respecting the death of some prosperous warrior, it is plain that the great First Cause of all had no more of his plan for him to execute, and therefore cut him off. Instead of that one great horn, there came up four notable ones, Alexander's four chief captains. A little horn became a great persecutor of the church and people of God. It seems that the Mohammedan delusion is here pointed out. It prospered, and at one time nearly destroyed the holy religion God's right hand had planted. It is just with God to deprive those of the privileges of his house who despise and profane them; and to make those know the worth of ordinances by the want of them, who would not know it by the enjoyment of them. Daniel heard the time of this calamity limited and determined; but not the time when it should come. If we would know the mind of God, we must apply to Christ, in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge; not hid from us, but hid for us. There is much difficulty as to the precise time here stated, but the end of it cannot be very distant. God will, for his own glory, see to the cleansing of the church in due time. Christ died to cleanse his church; and he will so cleanse it as to present it blameless to himself.
vv15-27
The eternal Son of God stood before the prophet in the appearance of a man, and directed the angel Gabriel to explain the vision. Daniel's fainting and astonishment at the prospect of evils he saw coming on his people and the church, confirm the opinion that long-continued calamities were foretold. The vision being ended, a charge was given to Daniel to keep it private for the present. He kept it to himself, and went on to do the duty of his place. As long as we live in this world we must have something to do in it; and even those whom God has most honoured, must not think themselves above their business. Nor must the pleasure of communion with God take us from the duties of our callings, but we must in them abide with God. All who are intrusted with public business must discharge their trust uprightly; and, amidst all doubts and discouragements, they may, if true believers, look forward to a happy issue. Thus should we endeavour to compose our minds for attending to the duties to which each is appointed, in the church and in the world.
Key Words
שָׁלוֹשׁ: three; occasionally (ordinal) third, or (multiple) thrice
שָׁנֶה: a year (as a revolution of time)
מַלְכוּת: a rule; concretely, a dominion
מֶלֶךְ: a king
בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר: Belshatstsar, a Babylonian king
חָזוֹן: a sight (mentally), i.e. a dream, revelation, or oracle
רָאָה: to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
אֲנִי: I
דָנִיֵּאל: Daniel or Danijel, the name of two Israelites
אַחַר: properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)
Cross References
Daniel 8Direct angelic interpretation: the two-horned ram explicitly represents the kings of Media and Persia.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The angelic interpreter explicitly identifies the rough he-goat as the king/kingdom of Grecia.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Angelic explanation of the four horns that stand up in place of the broken great horn.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The Medo-Persian ram with one horn higher than the other parallel to the lopsided bear.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The description of a mighty king doing according to his will parallels the he-goat's conquests.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The swift Grecian he-goat matches the four-winged leopard of the previous vision.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Distinguishes the 'little horn' arising from Greece here from the Roman 'little horn' in chapter 7.
Supported by JFB
Further detail on the taking away of the daily sacrifice and setting up the desolation.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
Subsequent reference to the taking away of the daily sacrifice and the abomination of desolation.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
Messianic prophecy relating to the temporary cessation of sacrifice and the overspreading of abominations.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
Self-referential question concerning the duration of the sanctuary's desecration and daily sacrifice removal.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Identifies the angel Gabriel who is commanded here to make Daniel understand the vision.
Supported by JFB
Gabriel's subsequent appearance to Daniel to provide skill and understanding concerning prophecies.
Supported by JFB
Ezekiel's visionary location by a river parallels Daniel's vision by the river Ulai.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Mentions Shushan (Susa) the palace, the historical setting of Daniel's vision.
Supported by JFB
The original law establishing the continuous 'daily sacrifice' that the little horn takes away.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Confirms that the vision is appointed for an end-time fulfillment and will speak.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Parallels Daniel falling into a deep sleep on his face upon hearing the voice.
Supported by JFB
The use of the title 'son of man' addressed to the prophet during heavenly encounters.
Supported by JFB
The stone cut out 'without hands' parallels the king being broken 'without hand.'
Supported by JFB