Deuteronomy22
New International Version
1If you see your fellow Israelite’s ox or sheep straying, do not ignore it but be sure to take it back to its owner.
2If they do not live near you or if you do not know who owns it, take it home with you and keep it until they come looking for it. Then give it back.
3Do the same if you find their donkey or cloak or anything else they have lost. Do not ignore it.
4If you see your fellow Israelite’s donkey or ox fallen on the road, do not ignore it. Help the owner get it to its feet.
5A woman must not wear men’s clothing, nor a man wear women’s clothing, for the Lord your God detests anyone who does this.
6If you come across a bird’s nest beside the road, either in a tree or on the ground, and the mother is sitting on the young or on the eggs, do not take the mother with the young.
7You may take the young, but be sure to let the mother go, so that it may go well with you and you may have a long life.
8When you build a new house, make a parapet around your roof so that you may not bring the guilt of bloodshed on your house if someone falls from the roof.
9Do not plant two kinds of seed in your vineyard; if you do, not only the crops you plant but also the fruit of the vineyard will be defiled.
10Do not plow with an ox and a donkey yoked together.
11Do not wear clothes of wool and linen woven together.
12Make tassels on the four corners of the cloak you wear.
13If a man takes a wife and, after sleeping with her, dislikes her
14and slanders her and gives her a bad name, saying, “I married this woman, but when I approached her, I did not find proof of her virginity,”
15then the young woman’s father and mother shall bring to the town elders at the gate proof that she was a virgin.
16Her father will say to the elders, “I gave my daughter in marriage to this man, but he dislikes her.
17Now he has slandered her and said, ‘I did not find your daughter to be a virgin.’ But here is the proof of my daughter’s virginity.” Then her parents shall display the cloth before the elders of the town,
18and the elders shall take the man and punish him.
19They shall fine him a hundred shekels of silver and give them to the young woman’s father, because this man has given an Israelite virgin a bad name. She shall continue to be his wife; he must not divorce her as long as he lives.
20If, however, the charge is true and no proof of the young woman’s virginity can be found,
21she shall be brought to the door of her father’s house and there the men of her town shall stone her to death. She has done an outrageous thing in Israel by being promiscuous while still in her father’s house. You must purge the evil from among you.
22If a man is found sleeping with another man’s wife, both the man who slept with her and the woman must die. You must purge the evil from Israel.
23If a man happens to meet in a town a virgin pledged to be married and he sleeps with her,
24you shall take both of them to the gate of that town and stone them to death—the young woman because she was in a town and did not scream for help, and the man because he violated another man’s wife. You must purge the evil from among you.
25But if out in the country a man happens to meet a young woman pledged to be married and rapes her, only the man who has done this shall die.
26Do nothing to the woman; she has committed no sin deserving death. This case is like that of someone who attacks and murders a neighbor,
27for the man found the young woman out in the country, and though the betrothed woman screamed, there was no one to rescue her.
28If a man happens to meet a virgin who is not pledged to be married and rapes her and they are discovered,
29he shall pay her father fifty shekels of silver. He must marry the young woman, for he has violated her. He can never divorce her as long as he lives.
30A man is not to marry his father’s wife; he must not dishonor his father’s bed.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 22.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Of humanity towards brethren. (1–4). Various precepts. (5–12). Against impurity. (13–30).
vv1-4
If we duly regard the golden rule of “doing to others as we would they should do unto us,” many particular precepts might be omitted. We can have no property in any thing that we find. Religion teaches us to be neighbourly, and to be ready to do all good offices to all men. We know not how soon we may have occasion for help.
vv5-12
God's providence extends itself to the smallest affairs, and his precepts do so, that even in them we may be in the fear of the Lord, as we are under his eye and care. Yet the tendency of these laws, which seem little, is such, that being found among the things of God's law, they are to be accounted great things. If we would prove ourselves to be God's people, we must have respect to his will and to his glory, and not to the vain fashions of the world. Even in putting on our garments, as in eating or in drinking, all must be done with a serious regard to preserve our own and others' purity in heart and actions. Our eye should be single, our heart simple, and our behaviour all of a piece.
vv13-30
These and the like regulations might be needful then, and yet it is not necessary that we should curiously examine respecting them. The laws relate to the seventh commandment, laying a restraint upon fleshly lusts which war against the soul.
Key Words
לֹא: not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
רָאָה: to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
אָח: a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father))
שׁוֹר: a bullock (as a traveller)
שֶׂה: a member of a flock, i.e. a sheep or goat
נָדַח: to push off; used in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively (to expel, mislead, strike, inflict, etc.)
עָלַם: to veil from sight, i.e. conceal (literally or figuratively)
שׁוּב: to turn back (hence, away) transitively or intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily with the idea of return to the starting point); generally to retreat; often adverbial, again
אִם: used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also Oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not
קָרוֹב: near (in place, kindred or time)
Cross References
Deuteronomy 22Parallels the command to return lost animals, specifically extending the duty even to an enemy's beast.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Direct parallel forbidding mixtures of seeds, livestock breeding, and blended garments.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Direct parallel command to assist in lifting up a fallen animal belonging to another.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The primary institutional command to make fringes on the borders of garments.
Supported by JFB
Parallel prohibition against uncovering the nakedness of a father's wife.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Prophetic condemnation of those clothed with strange apparel, echoing the prohibition of unnatural clothing.
Supported by JFB
New Testament moral/spiritual application of not being unequally yoked (plowing with different beasts).
Supported by JFB
The Levitical law prescribing the death penalty for both partners in adultery.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Illustrates Jewish betrothal custom where Mary was espoused to Joseph before they came together.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The formal curse pronounced upon anyone who lies with his father's wife.
Supported by Matthew Henry
New Testament correction of incest involving a man taking his father's wife.
Supported by Matthew Henry
New Testament discussion on maintaining natural, gender-distinct hair and head coverings in worship.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Historical example of walking on a flat roof, highlighting the necessity of battlements.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The Pharisees cite this Mosaic stoning penalty in the case of the woman caught in adultery.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallel law regarding the seduction of an unbetrothed virgin and financial restitution.
Supported by Matthew Henry