Deuteronomy33
New International Version
1This is the blessing that Moses the man of God pronounced on the Israelites before his death.
2He said: “The Lord came from Sinai and dawned over them from Seir; he shone forth from Mount Paran. He came with myriads of holy ones from the south, from his mountain slopes.
3Surely it is you who love the people; all the holy ones are in your hand. At your feet they all bow down, and from you receive instruction,
4the law that Moses gave us, the possession of the assembly of Jacob.
5He was king over Jeshurun when the leaders of the people assembled, along with the tribes of Israel.
6“Let Reuben live and not die, nor his people be few.”
7And this he said about Judah: “Hear, Lord, the cry of Judah; bring him to his people. With his own hands he defends his cause. Oh, be his help against his foes!”
8About Levi he said: “Your Thummim and Urim belong to your faithful servant. You tested him at Massah; you contended with him at the waters of Meribah.
9He said of his father and mother, ‘I have no regard for them.’ He did not recognize his brothers or acknowledge his own children, but he watched over your word and guarded your covenant.
10He teaches your precepts to Jacob and your law to Israel. He offers incense before you and whole burnt offerings on your altar.
11Bless all his skills, Lord, and be pleased with the work of his hands. Strike down those who rise against him, his foes till they rise no more.”
12About Benjamin he said: “Let the beloved of the Lord rest secure in him, for he shields him all day long, and the one the Lord loves rests between his shoulders.”
13About Joseph he said: “May the Lord bless his land with the precious dew from heaven above and with the deep waters that lie below;
14with the best the sun brings forth and the finest the moon can yield;
15with the choicest gifts of the ancient mountains and the fruitfulness of the everlasting hills;
16with the best gifts of the earth and its fullness and the favor of him who dwelt in the burning bush. Let all these rest on the head of Joseph, on the brow of the prince among his brothers.
17In majesty he is like a firstborn bull; his horns are the horns of a wild ox. With them he will gore the nations, even those at the ends of the earth. Such are the ten thousands of Ephraim; such are the thousands of Manasseh.”
18About Zebulun he said: “Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and you, Issachar, in your tents.
19They will summon peoples to the mountain and there offer the sacrifices of the righteous; they will feast on the abundance of the seas, on the treasures hidden in the sand.”
20About Gad he said: “Blessed is he who enlarges Gad’s domain! Gad lives there like a lion, tearing at arm or head.
21He chose the best land for himself; the leader’s portion was kept for him. When the heads of the people assembled, he carried out the Lord’s righteous will, and his judgments concerning Israel.”
22About Dan he said: “Dan is a lion’s cub, springing out of Bashan.”
23About Naphtali he said: “Naphtali is abounding with the favor of the Lord and is full of his blessing; he will inherit southward to the lake.”
24About Asher he said: “Most blessed of sons is Asher; let him be favored by his brothers, and let him bathe his feet in oil.
25The bolts of your gates will be iron and bronze, and your strength will equal your days.
26“There is no one like the God of Jeshurun, who rides across the heavens to help you and on the clouds in his majesty.
27The eternal God is your refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms. He will drive out your enemies before you, saying, ‘Destroy them!’
28So Israel will live in safety; Jacob will dwell secure in a land of grain and new wine, where the heavens drop dew.
29Blessed are you, Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by the Lord? He is your shield and helper and your glorious sword. Your enemies will cower before you, and you will tread on their heights.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Deuteronomy 33.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The glorious majesty of God. (1–5). The blessings of the twelve tribes. (6–23). Strength to believers. (24, 25). The excellency of Israel. (26–29).
vv1-5
To all his precepts, warnings, and prophecies, Moses added a solemn blessing. He begins with a description of the glorious appearances of God, in giving the law. His law works like fire. If received, it is melting, warming, purifying, and burns up the dross of corruption; if rejected, it hardens, sears, pains, and destroys. The Holy Spirit came down in cloven tongues, as of fire; for the gospel also is a fiery law. The law of God written in the heart, is a certain proof of the love of God shed abroad there: we must reckon His law one of the gifts of his grace.
vv6-23
The order in which the tribes are here blessed, is not the same as is observed elsewhere. The blessing of Judah may refer to the whole tribe in general, or to David as a type of Christ. Moses largely blesses the tribe of Levi. Acceptance with God is what we should all aim at, and desire, in all our devotions, whether men accept us or not, 2Co 5:9. This prayer is a prophecy, that God will keep up a ministry in his church to the end of time. The tribe of Benjamin had their inheritance close to mount Zion. To be situated near the ordinances, is a precious gift from the Lord, a privilege not to be exchanged for any worldly advantage, or indulgence. We should thankfully receive the earthly blessings sent to us, through the successive seasons. But those good gifts which come down from the Father of lights, through the rising of the Sun of righteousness, and the pouring out of his Spirit like the rain which makes fruitful, are infinitely more precious, as the tokens of his special love. The precious things here prayed for, are figures of spiritual blessing in heavenly things by Christ, the gifts, graces, and comforts of the Spirit. When Moses prays for the good will of Him that dwelt in the bush, he refers to the covenant, on which all our hopes of God's favour must be founded. The providence of God appoints men's habitations, and wisely disposes men to different employments for the public good. Whatever our place and business are, it is our wisdom and duty to apply thereto; and it is happiness to be well pleased therewith. We should not only invite others to the service of God, but abound in it. The blessing of Naphtali. The favour of God is the only favour satisfying to the soul. Those are happy indeed, who have the favour of God; and those shall have it, who reckon that in having it they have enough, and desire no more.
vv24-25
All shall be sanctified to true believers; if their way be rough, their feet shall be shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace. As thy days, so shall thy strength be. The “day” is often in Scripture put for the events of the day; it is a promise that God would graciously and constantly support under trials and troubles, whatever they were. It is a promise sure to all the spiritual seed of Abraham. Have they work allotted? They shall have strength to do it. Have they burdens appointed? They shall have strength, and never be tempted above what they are able to bear.
Key Words
בְּרָכָה: benediction; by implication prosperity
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
מֹשֶׁה: Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver
אִישׁ: a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
אֱלֹהִים: gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative
בָרַךְ: to kneel; by implication to bless God (as an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as a benefit); also (by euphemism) to curse (God or the king, as treason)
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
פָּנִים: the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)
מָוֶת: death (natural or violent); concretely, the dead, their place or state (hades); figuratively, pestilence, ruin
Cross References
Deuteronomy 33Levi's zeal for God's covenant at the molten calf incident, disregarding family ties.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Poetic parallel of God marching in majesty from the southern mountains of Teman/Paran.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Deborah's song celebrates God's glorious marching forth from Seir and Sinai.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The breastplate containing the Urim and Thummim, representing Levi's sacred priestly role.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Jacob's deathbed blessing of Joseph closely mirrors Moses' language of deep blessings.
Supported by John Calvin, JFB
Verbal echo to the 'good will of him that dwelt in the bush' at Sinai.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
The law ordained by angels ('saints'/'holy ones') at Sinai.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Contrasts Sinai's ten thousands of angels with Mount Zion's innumerable company.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Urim used for inquiry before the Lord, entrusted to the priestly line.
Supported by JFB
Levites' duty to teach the statutes of Yahweh to the children of Israel.
Supported by John Calvin, JFB
Parallels Jacob's prophecy concerning the territories and callings of Zebulun and Issachar.
Supported by John Calvin
Moses allocating the first conquered Transjordan portion to Gad, Reuben, and Manasseh.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Balaam's prophecy that Israel shall dwell safely alone, unique among nations.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The testing of Levi and Israel at Massah and Meribah.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Refers to God proving/testing His people in the wilderness.
Supported by JFB
Jacob's blessing of Benjamin, highlighting his fierce safety and protection.
Supported by JFB
Jacob's prediction of Gad's martial prowess, overcoming raiders.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Jacob's brief, favorable blessing of Naphtali as a hind let loose.
Supported by John Calvin
Jacob's blessing of Asher, predicting rich, oily bread fit for kings.
Supported by John Calvin
New Testament fulfillment of the promise that strength will match one's days.
Supported by Matthew Henry