Exodus28
New International Version
1“Have Aaron your brother brought to you from among the Israelites, along with his sons Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, so they may serve me as priests.
2Make sacred garments for your brother Aaron to give him dignity and honor.
3Tell all the skilled workers to whom I have given wisdom in such matters that they are to make garments for Aaron, for his consecration, so he may serve me as priest.
4These are the garments they are to make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a woven tunic, a turban and a sash. They are to make these sacred garments for your brother Aaron and his sons, so they may serve me as priests.
5Have them use gold, and blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.
6“Make the ephod of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen—the work of skilled hands.
7It is to have two shoulder pieces attached to two of its corners, so it can be fastened.
8Its skillfully woven waistband is to be like it—of one piece with the ephod and made with gold, and with blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and with finely twisted linen.
9“Take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel
10in the order of their birth—six names on one stone and the remaining six on the other.
11Engrave the names of the sons of Israel on the two stones the way a gem cutter engraves a seal. Then mount the stones in gold filigree settings
12and fasten them on the shoulder pieces of the ephod as memorial stones for the sons of Israel. Aaron is to bear the names on his shoulders as a memorial before the Lord.
13Make gold filigree settings
14and two braided chains of pure gold, like a rope, and attach the chains to the settings.
15“Fashion a breastpiece for making decisions—the work of skilled hands. Make it like the ephod: of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen.
16It is to be square—a span long and a span wide—and folded double.
17Then mount four rows of precious stones on it. The first row shall be carnelian, chrysolite and beryl;
18the second row shall be turquoise, lapis lazuli and emerald;
19the third row shall be jacinth, agate and amethyst;
20the fourth row shall be topaz, onyx and jasper. Mount them in gold filigree settings.
21There are to be twelve stones, one for each of the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes.
22“For the breastpiece make braided chains of pure gold, like a rope.
23Make two gold rings for it and fasten them to two corners of the breastpiece.
24Fasten the two gold chains to the rings at the corners of the breastpiece,
25and the other ends of the chains to the two settings, attaching them to the shoulder pieces of the ephod at the front.
26Make two gold rings and attach them to the other two corners of the breastpiece on the inside edge next to the ephod.
27Make two more gold rings and attach them to the bottom of the shoulder pieces on the front of the ephod, close to the seam just above the waistband of the ephod.
28The rings of the breastpiece are to be tied to the rings of the ephod with blue cord, connecting it to the waistband, so that the breastpiece will not swing out from the ephod.
29“Whenever Aaron enters the Holy Place, he will bear the names of the sons of Israel over his heart on the breastpiece of decision as a continuing memorial before the Lord.
30Also put the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece, so they may be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the Lord. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the Lord.
31“Make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth,
32with an opening for the head in its center. There shall be a woven edge like a collar around this opening, so that it will not tear.
33Make pomegranates of blue, purple and scarlet yarn around the hem of the robe, with gold bells between them.
34The gold bells and the pomegranates are to alternate around the hem of the robe.
35Aaron must wear it when he ministers. The sound of the bells will be heard when he enters the Holy Place before the Lord and when he comes out, so that he will not die.
36“Make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it as on a seal: holy to the Lord.
37Fasten a blue cord to it to attach it to the turban; it is to be on the front of the turban.
38It will be on Aaron’s forehead, and he will bear the guilt involved in the sacred gifts the Israelites consecrate, whatever their gifts may be. It will be on Aaron’s forehead continually so that they will be acceptable to the Lord.
39“Weave the tunic of fine linen and make the turban of fine linen. The sash is to be the work of an embroiderer.
40Make tunics, sashes and caps for Aaron’s sons to give them dignity and honor.
41After you put these clothes on your brother Aaron and his sons, anoint and ordain them. Consecrate them so they may serve me as priests.
42“Make linen undergarments as a covering for the body, reaching from the waist to the thigh.
43Aaron and his sons must wear them whenever they enter the tent of meeting or approach the altar to minister in the Holy Place, so that they will not incur guilt and die. “This is to be a lasting ordinance for Aaron and his descendants.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Exodus 28.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Aaron and his sons set apart for the priest's office, Their garments. (1–5). The ephod. (6–14). The breastplate, The Urim and Thummim. (15–30). The robe of the ephod, The plate of the mitre. (31–39). The garments for Aaron's sons. (40–43).
vv1-5
Hitherto the heads of families were the priests, and offered sacrifices; but now this office was confined to the family of Aaron only; and so continued till the gospel dispensation. The holy garments not only distinguished the priests from the people, but were emblems of that holy conduct which should ever be the glory and beauty, the mark of the ministers of religion, without which their persons and ministrations will be had in contempt. They also typified the glory of the Divine majesty, and the beauty of complete holiness, which rendered Jesus Christ the great High Priest. But our adorning under the gospel, is not to be of gold and costly array, but the garments of salvation, the robe of righteousness.
vv6-14
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our High Priest, presents his people before the Lord for a memorial. As Christ's coat had no seam, but was woven from the top throughout, so it was with the ephod. The golden bells on this ephod, by their preciousness and pleasant sound, well represent the good profession that the saints make, and the pomegranates the fruit they bring forth.
vv15-30
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all the saints dear to Christ, however men esteem them. The high priest had the names of the tribes, both on his shoulders and on his breast, which reminds us of the power and the love with which our Lord Jesus pleads for those that are his. He not only bears them up in his arms with almighty strength, but he carries them in his bosom with tender affection. What comfort is this to us in all our addresses to God! The Urim and Thummim, by which the will of God was made known in doubtful cases, were put in this breastplate. Urim and Thummim signify light and integrity. There are many conjectures what these were; the most probable opinion seems to be, that they were the twelve precious stones in the high priest's breastplate. Now, Christ is our Oracle. By him God, in these last days, makes known himself and his mind to us, Heb 1:1, 2; Joh 1:18. He is the true Light, the faithful Witness, the Truth itself, and from him we receive the Spirit of Truth, who leads into all truth.
Key Words
קָרַב: to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose
אַהֲרוֹן: Aharon, the brother of Moses
אָח: a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father))
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
תָּוֶךְ: a bisection, i.e. (by implication) the centre
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
כָּהַן: to officiate as a priest; figuratively, to put on regalia
נָדָב: Nadab, the name of four Israelites
אֲבִיהוּא: Abihu, a son of Aaron
אֶלְעָזָר: Elazar, the name of seven Israelites
Cross References
Exodus 28Aaron is chosen by God from among men as a priest, fulfilling the divine vocation of Christ.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Explicit instructions for Joshua to consult the judgment of Urim before the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
The Son of Man is depicted girt about the paps with a golden girdle like the high priest.
Supported by JFB
Aaron bearing the names on his shoulders typifies Christ representing His people before the Father.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
The fulfillment of Moses putting the breastplate with the Urim and Thummim on Aaron.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Christ's seamless coat parallels the woven, unrent collar of the high priest's robe.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Directly explains the law requiring proper attire to cover nakedness and prevent exposure before God's altar.
Bezaleel and other artisans are filled with the spirit of wisdom for the tabernacle workmanship.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The list of precious stones in Eden's covering closely mirrors the stones of the breastplate.
Supported by JFB
The twelve precious stones of the breastplate correspond to the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Warning of death regarding entering the holy place without following prescribed priestly regulations.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
The placement of the golden plate, the holy crown, upon the mitre.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Aaron's house bearing the iniquity of the sanctuary and priesthood.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Parallels the specific requirement for linen breeches and garments for priests when ministering in the sanctuary.
Supported by JFB
Specifies the High Priest wearing the linen breeches on the solemn Day of Atonement.
Records the actual crafting of these fine linen breeches for Aaron and his sons.
Warns priests to keep God's ordinances lest they bear sin and die for profaning holy things.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The execution of God's command to gather Aaron, his sons, and the holy garments for consecration.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The fulfillment of engraving and setting the onyx stones for the shoulders of the ephod.
Supported by JFB
The detailed execution of the construction of the breastplate of judgment by the skilled craftsmen.
Supported by JFB
Parallel bearing of Israel's names on shoulders and heart for a memorial.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Christ enters the true holy place to appear in the presence of God for us.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Moses blesses Levi with the possession of the Thummim and Urim.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Repeats the standard of garments made for glory and for beauty.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Records the historical fulfillment of Moses clothing and consecrating Aaron's sons as commanded.
Repeats the solemn warning to wash and prepare properly 'that they die not' as a perpetual statute.
Reinforces the lethal consequence of unauthorized near approach, bearing iniquity, and dying.
God choosing the house of Aaron out of all the tribes of Israel to wear the ephod.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The priestly garments for beauty and glory represent being clothed with the garments of salvation.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Aaron bearing the names of Israel in the breastplate of judgment upon his heart.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
The placement of the Urim and Thummim inside the breastplate of judgment.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Historical loss of the Urim and Thummim during the post-exilic period.
Supported by Matthew Poole
David uses the ephod to consult God, showing the Urim and Thummim in action.
Supported by JFB
The manufacturing of the holy crown plate engraved with 'Holiness to the Lord'.
Supported by John Calvin
The rebellion of Korah challenging the exclusive Aaronic priesthood established in this chapter.
Supported by JFB
The practical manufacture of the ephod using gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen.
Supported by JFB