1 Kings21
New King James Version
1And it came to pass after these things that Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard which was in Jezreel, next to the palace of Ahab king of Samaria.
2So Ahab spoke to Naboth, saying, “Give me your vineyard, that I may have it for a vegetable garden, because it is near, next to my house; and for it I will give you a vineyard better than it. Or, if it seems good to you, I will give you its worth in money.”
3But Naboth said to Ahab, “The Lord forbid that I should give the inheritance of my fathers to you!”
4So Ahab went into his house sullen and displeased because of the word which Naboth the Jezreelite had spoken to him; for he had said, “I will not give you the inheritance of my fathers.” And he lay down on his bed, and turned away his face, and would eat no food.
5But Jezebel his wife came to him, and said to him, “Why is your spirit so sullen that you eat no food?”
6He said to her, “Because I spoke to Naboth the Jezreelite, and said to him, ‘Give me your vineyard for money; or else, if it pleases you, I will give you another vineyard for it.’ And he answered, ‘I will not give you my vineyard.’ ”
7Then Jezebel his wife said to him, “You now exercise authority over Israel! Arise, eat food, and let your heart be cheerful; I will give you the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.”
8And she wrote letters in Ahab’s name, sealed them with his seal, and sent the letters to the elders and the nobles who were dwelling in the city with Naboth.
9She wrote in the letters, saying, Proclaim a fast, and seat Naboth with high honor among the people;
10and seat two men, scoundrels, before him to bear witness against him, saying, “You have blasphemed God and the king.” Then take him out, and stone him, that he may die.
11So the men of his city, the elders and nobles who were inhabitants of his city, did as Jezebel had sent to them, as it was written in the letters which she had sent to them.
12They proclaimed a fast, and seated Naboth with high honor among the people.
13And two men, scoundrels, came in and sat before him; and the scoundrels witnessed against him, against Naboth, in the presence of the people, saying, “Naboth has blasphemed God and the king!” Then they took him outside the city and stoned him with stones, so that he died.
14Then they sent to Jezebel, saying, “Naboth has been stoned and is dead.”
15And it came to pass, when Jezebel heard that Naboth had been stoned and was dead, that Jezebel said to Ahab, “Arise, take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he refused to give you for money; for Naboth is not alive, but dead.”
16So it was, when Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, that Ahab got up and went down to take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.
17Then the word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying,
18“Arise, go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, who lives in Samaria. There he is, in the vineyard of Naboth, where he has gone down to take possession of it.
19You shall speak to him, saying, ‘Thus says the Lord: “Have you murdered and also taken possession?” ’ And you shall speak to him, saying, ‘Thus says the Lord: “In the place where dogs licked the blood of Naboth, dogs shall lick your blood, even yours.” ’ ”
20So Ahab said to Elijah, “Have you found me, O my enemy?” And he answered, “I have found you, because you have sold yourself to do evil in the sight of the Lord:
21‘Behold, I will bring calamity on you. I will take away your posterity, and will cut off from Ahab every male in Israel, both bond and free.
22I will make your house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and like the house of Baasha the son of Ahijah, because of the provocation with which you have provoked Me to anger, and made Israel sin.’
23And concerning Jezebel the Lord also spoke, saying, ‘The dogs shall eat Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel.’
24The dogs shall eat whoever belongs to Ahab and dies in the city, and the birds of the air shall eat whoever dies in the field.”
25But there was no one like Ahab who sold himself to do wickedness in the sight of the Lord, because Jezebel his wife stirred him up.
26And he behaved very abominably in following idols, according to all that the Amorites had done, whom the Lord had cast out before the children of Israel.
27So it was, when Ahab heard those words, that he tore his clothes and put sackcloth on his body, and fasted and lay in sackcloth, and went about mourning.
28And the word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying,
29“See how Ahab has humbled himself before Me? Because he has humbled himself before Me, I will not bring the calamity in his days. In the days of his son I will bring the calamity on his house.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 21.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Ahab covets Naboth's vineyard. (1–4). Naboth murdered by Jezebel. (5–16). Elijah denounces judgments against Ahab. (17–29).
vv1-4
Naboth, perhaps, had been pleased that he had a vineyard situated so near the palace, but the situation proved fatal to him; many a man's possessions have been his snare, and his neighbourhood to greatness, of bad consequence. Discontent is a sin that is its own punishment, and makes men torment themselves. It is a sin that is its own parent; it arises not from the condition, but from the mind: as we find Paul contented in a prison, so Ahab was discontented in a palace. He had all the delights of Canaan, that pleasant land, at command; the wealth of a kingdom, the pleasures of a court, and the honours and powers of a throne; yet all avails him nothing without Naboth's vineyard. Wrong desires expose men to continual vexations, and those that are disposed to fret, however well off, may always find something or other to fret at.
vv5-16
When, instead of a help meet, a man has an agent for Satan, in the form of an artful, unprincipled, yet beloved wife, fatal effects may be expected. Never were more wicked orders given by any prince, than those Jezebel sent to the rulers of Jezreel. Naboth must be murdered under colour of religion. There is no wickedness so vile, so horrid, but religion has sometimes been made a cover for it. Also, it must be done under colour of justice, and with the formalities of legal process. Let us, from this sad story, be amazed at the wickedness of the wicked, and the power of Satan in the children of disobedience. Let us commit the keeping of our lives and comforts to God, for innocence will not always be our security; and let us rejoice in the knowledge that all will be set to rights in the great day.
vv17-29
Blessed Paul complains that he was sold under sin, Ro 7:14, as a poor captive against his will; but Ahab was willing, he sold himself to sin; of choice, and as his own act and deed, he loved the dominion of sin. Jezebel his wife stirred him up to do wickedly. Ahab is reproved, and his sin set before his eyes, by Elijah. That man's condition is very miserable, who has made the word of God his enemy; and very desperate, who reckons the ministers of that word his enemies, because they tell him the truth. Ahab put on the garb and guise of a penitent, yet his heart was unhumbled and unchanged. Ahab's repentance was only what might be seen of men; it was outward only. Let this encourage all that truly repent, and unfeignedly believe the holy gospel, that if a pretending partial penitent shall go to his house reprieved, doubtless, a sincere believing penitent shall go to his house justified.
Key Words
נָבוֹת: Naboth, an Israelite
יִזְרְעֵאלִי: a Jizreelite or native of Jizreel
כֶּרֶם: a garden or vineyard
יִזְרְעֵאל: Jizreel, the name of two places in Palestine and of two Israelites
אֵצֶל: a side; (as a preposition) near
הֵיכָל: a large public building, such as a palace or temple
אַחְאָב: Achab, the name of a king of Israel and of a prophet at Babylon
מֶלֶךְ: a king
שֹׁמְרוֹן: Shomeron, a place in Palestine
נָתַן: to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
Cross References
1 Kings 21Divine law forbidding the permanent sale or alienation of paternal tribal inheritances.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Explicit fulfillment where the blood of Naboth and his sons is avenged on Ahab's line.
Supported by JFB
Contrasts Paul being sold under sin against his will with Ahab choosing to sell himself.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Prophetic warning against rulers taking the people's inheritance by force or oppression.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Mosaic law prohibiting the blaspheming of God and the cursing of rulers.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Fulfillment of prophecy where dogs licked Ahab's blood when his chariot was washed.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Direct historical fulfillment of Elijah's prophecy that dogs would eat Jezebel by Jezreel's wall.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallel where letters are sent to accomplish a treacherous judicial murder under royal authority.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Levitical law declaring stoning as the mandatory punishment for blasphemy.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The legal requirement of at least two witnesses to establish a capital charge.
Supported by JFB
Identical prophetic judgment of total cut-off pronounced against Jeroboam's dynasty.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Identical prophetic judgment of total cut-off pronounced against Baasha's house.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Ahab's characteristic sulky behavior of returning 'heavy and displeased' when denied his desires.
Supported by JFB
Internal textual explanation that Ahab sold himself to do evil, stirred up by Jezebel.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Ahab's marriage to Jezebel which instigated his unprecedented plunge into wickedness.
Supported by Matthew Henry