1 Kings21
New Living Translation
1Now there was a man named Naboth, from Jezreel, who owned a vineyard in Jezreel beside the palace of King Ahab of Samaria.
2One day Ahab said to Naboth, “Since your vineyard is so convenient to my palace, I would like to buy it to use as a vegetable garden. I will give you a better vineyard in exchange, or if you prefer, I will pay you for it.”
3But Naboth replied, “The Lord forbid that I should give you the inheritance that was passed down by my ancestors.”
4So Ahab went home angry and sullen because of Naboth’s answer. The king went to bed with his face to the wall and refused to eat!
5“What’s the matter?” his wife Jezebel asked him. “What’s made you so upset that you’re not eating?”
6“I asked Naboth to sell me his vineyard or trade it, but he refused!” Ahab told her.
7“Are you the king of Israel or not?” Jezebel demanded. “Get up and eat something, and don’t worry about it. I’ll get you Naboth’s vineyard!”
8So she wrote letters in Ahab’s name, sealed them with his seal, and sent them to the elders and other leaders of the town where Naboth lived.
9In her letters she commanded: “Call the citizens together for a time of fasting, and give Naboth a place of honor.
10And then seat two scoundrels across from him who will accuse him of cursing God and the king. Then take him out and stone him to death.”
11So the elders and other town leaders followed the instructions Jezebel had written in the letters.
12They called for a fast and put Naboth at a prominent place before the people.
13Then the two scoundrels came and sat down across from him. And they accused Naboth before all the people, saying, “He cursed God and the king.” So he was dragged outside the town and stoned to death.
14The town leaders then sent word to Jezebel, “Naboth has been stoned to death.”
15When Jezebel heard the news, she said to Ahab, “You know the vineyard Naboth wouldn’t sell you? Well, you can have it now! He’s dead!”
16So Ahab immediately went down to the vineyard of Naboth to claim it.
17But the Lord said to Elijah,
18“Go down to meet King Ahab of Israel, who rules in Samaria. He will be at Naboth’s vineyard in Jezreel, claiming it for himself.
19Give him this message: ‘This is what the Lord says: Wasn’t it enough that you killed Naboth? Must you rob him, too? Because you have done this, dogs will lick your blood at the very place where they licked the blood of Naboth!’”
20“So, my enemy, you have found me!” Ahab exclaimed to Elijah. “Yes,” Elijah answered, “I have come because you have sold yourself to what is evil in the Lord’s sight.
21So now the Lord says, ‘I will bring disaster on you and consume you. I will destroy every one of your male descendants, slave and free alike, anywhere in Israel!
22I am going to destroy your family as I did the family of Jeroboam son of Nebat and the family of Baasha son of Ahijah, for you have made me very angry and have led Israel into sin.’
23“And regarding Jezebel, the Lord says, ‘Dogs will eat Jezebel’s body at the plot of land in Jezreel.’
24“The members of Ahab’s family who die in the city will be eaten by dogs, and those who die in the field will be eaten by vultures.”
25(No one else so completely sold himself to what was evil in the Lord’s sight as Ahab did under the influence of his wife Jezebel.
26His worst outrage was worshiping idols just as the Amorites had done—the people whom the Lord had driven out from the land ahead of the Israelites.)
27But when Ahab heard this message, he tore his clothing, dressed in burlap, and fasted. He even slept in burlap and went about in deep mourning.
28Then another message from the Lord came to Elijah:
29“Do you see how Ahab has humbled himself before me? Because he has done this, I will not do what I promised during his lifetime. It will happen to his sons; I will destroy his dynasty.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 21.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Ahab covets Naboth's vineyard. (1–4). Naboth murdered by Jezebel. (5–16). Elijah denounces judgments against Ahab. (17–29).
vv1-4
Naboth, perhaps, had been pleased that he had a vineyard situated so near the palace, but the situation proved fatal to him; many a man's possessions have been his snare, and his neighbourhood to greatness, of bad consequence. Discontent is a sin that is its own punishment, and makes men torment themselves. It is a sin that is its own parent; it arises not from the condition, but from the mind: as we find Paul contented in a prison, so Ahab was discontented in a palace. He had all the delights of Canaan, that pleasant land, at command; the wealth of a kingdom, the pleasures of a court, and the honours and powers of a throne; yet all avails him nothing without Naboth's vineyard. Wrong desires expose men to continual vexations, and those that are disposed to fret, however well off, may always find something or other to fret at.
vv5-16
When, instead of a help meet, a man has an agent for Satan, in the form of an artful, unprincipled, yet beloved wife, fatal effects may be expected. Never were more wicked orders given by any prince, than those Jezebel sent to the rulers of Jezreel. Naboth must be murdered under colour of religion. There is no wickedness so vile, so horrid, but religion has sometimes been made a cover for it. Also, it must be done under colour of justice, and with the formalities of legal process. Let us, from this sad story, be amazed at the wickedness of the wicked, and the power of Satan in the children of disobedience. Let us commit the keeping of our lives and comforts to God, for innocence will not always be our security; and let us rejoice in the knowledge that all will be set to rights in the great day.
vv17-29
Blessed Paul complains that he was sold under sin, Ro 7:14, as a poor captive against his will; but Ahab was willing, he sold himself to sin; of choice, and as his own act and deed, he loved the dominion of sin. Jezebel his wife stirred him up to do wickedly. Ahab is reproved, and his sin set before his eyes, by Elijah. That man's condition is very miserable, who has made the word of God his enemy; and very desperate, who reckons the ministers of that word his enemies, because they tell him the truth. Ahab put on the garb and guise of a penitent, yet his heart was unhumbled and unchanged. Ahab's repentance was only what might be seen of men; it was outward only. Let this encourage all that truly repent, and unfeignedly believe the holy gospel, that if a pretending partial penitent shall go to his house reprieved, doubtless, a sincere believing penitent shall go to his house justified.
Key Words
נָבוֹת: Naboth, an Israelite
יִזְרְעֵאלִי: a Jizreelite or native of Jizreel
כֶּרֶם: a garden or vineyard
יִזְרְעֵאל: Jizreel, the name of two places in Palestine and of two Israelites
אֵצֶל: a side; (as a preposition) near
הֵיכָל: a large public building, such as a palace or temple
אַחְאָב: Achab, the name of a king of Israel and of a prophet at Babylon
מֶלֶךְ: a king
שֹׁמְרוֹן: Shomeron, a place in Palestine
נָתַן: to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
Cross References
1 Kings 21Divine law forbidding the permanent sale or alienation of paternal tribal inheritances.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Explicit fulfillment where the blood of Naboth and his sons is avenged on Ahab's line.
Supported by JFB
Contrasts Paul being sold under sin against his will with Ahab choosing to sell himself.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Prophetic warning against rulers taking the people's inheritance by force or oppression.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Mosaic law prohibiting the blaspheming of God and the cursing of rulers.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Fulfillment of prophecy where dogs licked Ahab's blood when his chariot was washed.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Direct historical fulfillment of Elijah's prophecy that dogs would eat Jezebel by Jezreel's wall.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallel where letters are sent to accomplish a treacherous judicial murder under royal authority.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Levitical law declaring stoning as the mandatory punishment for blasphemy.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The legal requirement of at least two witnesses to establish a capital charge.
Supported by JFB
Identical prophetic judgment of total cut-off pronounced against Jeroboam's dynasty.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Identical prophetic judgment of total cut-off pronounced against Baasha's house.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Ahab's characteristic sulky behavior of returning 'heavy and displeased' when denied his desires.
Supported by JFB
Internal textual explanation that Ahab sold himself to do evil, stirred up by Jezebel.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Ahab's marriage to Jezebel which instigated his unprecedented plunge into wickedness.
Supported by Matthew Henry