1 Kings21
New International Version
1Some time later there was an incident involving a vineyard belonging to Naboth the Jezreelite. The vineyard was in Jezreel, close to the palace of Ahab king of Samaria.
2Ahab said to Naboth, “Let me have your vineyard to use for a vegetable garden, since it is close to my palace. In exchange I will give you a better vineyard or, if you prefer, I will pay you whatever it is worth.”
3But Naboth replied, “The Lord forbid that I should give you the inheritance of my ancestors.”
4So Ahab went home, sullen and angry because Naboth the Jezreelite had said, “I will not give you the inheritance of my ancestors.” He lay on his bed sulking and refused to eat.
5His wife Jezebel came in and asked him, “Why are you so sullen? Why won’t you eat?”
6He answered her, “Because I said to Naboth the Jezreelite, ‘Sell me your vineyard; or if you prefer, I will give you another vineyard in its place.’ But he said, ‘I will not give you my vineyard.’”
7Jezebel his wife said, “Is this how you act as king over Israel? Get up and eat! Cheer up. I’ll get you the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.”
8So she wrote letters in Ahab’s name, placed his seal on them, and sent them to the elders and nobles who lived in Naboth’s city with him.
9In those letters she wrote: “Proclaim a day of fasting and seat Naboth in a prominent place among the people.
10But seat two scoundrels opposite him and have them bring charges that he has cursed both God and the king. Then take him out and stone him to death.”
11So the elders and nobles who lived in Naboth’s city did as Jezebel directed in the letters she had written to them.
12They proclaimed a fast and seated Naboth in a prominent place among the people.
13Then two scoundrels came and sat opposite him and brought charges against Naboth before the people, saying, “Naboth has cursed both God and the king.” So they took him outside the city and stoned him to death.
14Then they sent word to Jezebel: “Naboth has been stoned to death.”
15As soon as Jezebel heard that Naboth had been stoned to death, she said to Ahab, “Get up and take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite that he refused to sell you. He is no longer alive, but dead.”
16When Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, he got up and went down to take possession of Naboth’s vineyard.
17Then the word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite:
18“Go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, who rules in Samaria. He is now in Naboth’s vineyard, where he has gone to take possession of it.
19Say to him, ‘This is what the Lord says: Have you not murdered a man and seized his property?’ Then say to him, ‘This is what the Lord says: In the place where dogs licked up Naboth’s blood, dogs will lick up your blood—yes, yours!’”
20Ahab said to Elijah, “So you have found me, my enemy!” “I have found you,” he answered, “because you have sold yourself to do evil in the eyes of the Lord.
21He says, ‘I am going to bring disaster on you. I will wipe out your descendants and cut off from Ahab every last male in Israel—slave or free.
22I will make your house like that of Jeroboam son of Nebat and that of Baasha son of Ahijah, because you have aroused my anger and have caused Israel to sin.’
23“And also concerning Jezebel the Lord says: ‘Dogs will devour Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel.’
24“Dogs will eat those belonging to Ahab who die in the city, and the birds will feed on those who die in the country.”
25(There was never anyone like Ahab, who sold himself to do evil in the eyes of the Lord, urged on by Jezebel his wife.
26He behaved in the vilest manner by going after idols, like the Amorites the Lord drove out before Israel.)
27When Ahab heard these words, he tore his clothes, put on sackcloth and fasted. He lay in sackcloth and went around meekly.
28Then the word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite:
29“Have you noticed how Ahab has humbled himself before me? Because he has humbled himself, I will not bring this disaster in his day, but I will bring it on his house in the days of his son.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 21.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Ahab covets Naboth's vineyard. (1–4). Naboth murdered by Jezebel. (5–16). Elijah denounces judgments against Ahab. (17–29).
vv1-4
Naboth, perhaps, had been pleased that he had a vineyard situated so near the palace, but the situation proved fatal to him; many a man's possessions have been his snare, and his neighbourhood to greatness, of bad consequence. Discontent is a sin that is its own punishment, and makes men torment themselves. It is a sin that is its own parent; it arises not from the condition, but from the mind: as we find Paul contented in a prison, so Ahab was discontented in a palace. He had all the delights of Canaan, that pleasant land, at command; the wealth of a kingdom, the pleasures of a court, and the honours and powers of a throne; yet all avails him nothing without Naboth's vineyard. Wrong desires expose men to continual vexations, and those that are disposed to fret, however well off, may always find something or other to fret at.
vv5-16
When, instead of a help meet, a man has an agent for Satan, in the form of an artful, unprincipled, yet beloved wife, fatal effects may be expected. Never were more wicked orders given by any prince, than those Jezebel sent to the rulers of Jezreel. Naboth must be murdered under colour of religion. There is no wickedness so vile, so horrid, but religion has sometimes been made a cover for it. Also, it must be done under colour of justice, and with the formalities of legal process. Let us, from this sad story, be amazed at the wickedness of the wicked, and the power of Satan in the children of disobedience. Let us commit the keeping of our lives and comforts to God, for innocence will not always be our security; and let us rejoice in the knowledge that all will be set to rights in the great day.
vv17-29
Blessed Paul complains that he was sold under sin, Ro 7:14, as a poor captive against his will; but Ahab was willing, he sold himself to sin; of choice, and as his own act and deed, he loved the dominion of sin. Jezebel his wife stirred him up to do wickedly. Ahab is reproved, and his sin set before his eyes, by Elijah. That man's condition is very miserable, who has made the word of God his enemy; and very desperate, who reckons the ministers of that word his enemies, because they tell him the truth. Ahab put on the garb and guise of a penitent, yet his heart was unhumbled and unchanged. Ahab's repentance was only what might be seen of men; it was outward only. Let this encourage all that truly repent, and unfeignedly believe the holy gospel, that if a pretending partial penitent shall go to his house reprieved, doubtless, a sincere believing penitent shall go to his house justified.
Key Words
נָבוֹת: Naboth, an Israelite
יִזְרְעֵאלִי: a Jizreelite or native of Jizreel
כֶּרֶם: a garden or vineyard
יִזְרְעֵאל: Jizreel, the name of two places in Palestine and of two Israelites
אֵצֶל: a side; (as a preposition) near
הֵיכָל: a large public building, such as a palace or temple
אַחְאָב: Achab, the name of a king of Israel and of a prophet at Babylon
מֶלֶךְ: a king
שֹׁמְרוֹן: Shomeron, a place in Palestine
נָתַן: to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
Cross References
1 Kings 21Divine law forbidding the permanent sale or alienation of paternal tribal inheritances.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Explicit fulfillment where the blood of Naboth and his sons is avenged on Ahab's line.
Supported by JFB
Contrasts Paul being sold under sin against his will with Ahab choosing to sell himself.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Prophetic warning against rulers taking the people's inheritance by force or oppression.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Mosaic law prohibiting the blaspheming of God and the cursing of rulers.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Fulfillment of prophecy where dogs licked Ahab's blood when his chariot was washed.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Direct historical fulfillment of Elijah's prophecy that dogs would eat Jezebel by Jezreel's wall.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallel where letters are sent to accomplish a treacherous judicial murder under royal authority.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Levitical law declaring stoning as the mandatory punishment for blasphemy.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The legal requirement of at least two witnesses to establish a capital charge.
Supported by JFB
Identical prophetic judgment of total cut-off pronounced against Jeroboam's dynasty.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Identical prophetic judgment of total cut-off pronounced against Baasha's house.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Ahab's characteristic sulky behavior of returning 'heavy and displeased' when denied his desires.
Supported by JFB
Internal textual explanation that Ahab sold himself to do evil, stirred up by Jezebel.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Ahab's marriage to Jezebel which instigated his unprecedented plunge into wickedness.
Supported by Matthew Henry