Leviticus24
New International Version
1The Lord said to Moses,
2“Command the Israelites to bring you clear oil of pressed olives for the light so that the lamps may be kept burning continually.
3Outside the curtain that shields the ark of the covenant law in the tent of meeting, Aaron is to tend the lamps before the Lord from evening till morning, continually. This is to be a lasting ordinance for the generations to come.
4The lamps on the pure gold lampstand before the Lord must be tended continually.
5“Take the finest flour and bake twelve loaves of bread, using two-tenths of an ephah for each loaf.
6Arrange them in two stacks, six in each stack, on the table of pure gold before the Lord.
7By each stack put some pure incense as a memorial portion to represent the bread and to be a food offering presented to the Lord.
8This bread is to be set out before the Lord regularly, Sabbath after Sabbath, on behalf of the Israelites, as a lasting covenant.
9It belongs to Aaron and his sons, who are to eat it in the sanctuary area, because it is a most holy part of their perpetual share of the food offerings presented to the Lord.”
10Now the son of an Israelite mother and an Egyptian father went out among the Israelites, and a fight broke out in the camp between him and an Israelite.
11The son of the Israelite woman blasphemed the Name with a curse; so they brought him to Moses. (His mother’s name was Shelomith, the daughter of Dibri the Danite.)
12They put him in custody until the will of the Lord should be made clear to them.
13Then the Lord said to Moses:
14“Take the blasphemer outside the camp. All those who heard him are to lay their hands on his head, and the entire assembly is to stone him.
15Say to the Israelites: ‘Anyone who curses their God will be held responsible;
16anyone who blasphemes the name of the Lord is to be put to death. The entire assembly must stone them. Whether foreigner or native-born, when they blaspheme the Name they are to be put to death.
17“‘Anyone who takes the life of a human being is to be put to death.
18Anyone who takes the life of someone’s animal must make restitution—life for life.
19Anyone who injures their neighbor is to be injured in the same manner:
20fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. The one who has inflicted the injury must suffer the same injury.
21Whoever kills an animal must make restitution, but whoever kills a human being is to be put to death.
22You are to have the same law for the foreigner and the native-born. I am the Lord your God.’”
23Then Moses spoke to the Israelites, and they took the blasphemer outside the camp and stoned him. The Israelites did as the Lord commanded Moses.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Leviticus 24.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Oil for the lamps, The shew-bread. (1–9). The law of blasphemy, blasphemer is stoned. (10–23).
vv1-9
The loaves of bread typify Christ as the Bread of life, and the food of the souls of his people. He is the Light of his church, the Light of the world; in and through his word this light shines. By this light we discern the food prepared for our souls; and we should daily, but especially from sabbath to sabbath, feed thereon in our hearts with thanksgiving. And as the loaves were left in the sanctuary, so should we abide with God till he dismiss us.
vv10-23
This offender was the son of an Egyptian father, and an Israelitish mother. The notice of his parents shows the common ill effect of mixed marriages. A standing law for the stoning of blasphemers was made upon this occasion. Great stress is laid upon this law. It extends to the strangers among them, as well as to those born in the land. Strangers, as well as native Israelites, should be entitled to the benefit of the law, so as not to suffer wrong; and should be liable to the penalty of this law, in case they did wrong. If those who profane the name of God escape punishment from men, yet the Lord our God will not suffer them to escape his righteous judgments. What enmity against God must be in the heart of man, when blasphemies against God proceed out of his mouth. If he that despised Moses' law, died without mercy, of what punishment will they be worthy, who despise and abuse the gospel of the Son of God! Let us watch against anger, do no evil, avoid all connexions with wicked people, and reverence that holy name which sinners blaspheme.
Key Words
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
מֹשֶׁה: Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
צָוָה: (intensively) to constitute, enjoin
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
לָקַח: to take (in the widest variety of applications)
זַךְ: clear
שֶׁמֶן: grease, especially liquid (as from the olive, often perfumed); figuratively, richness
כָּתִית: beaten, i.e. pure (oil)
Cross References
Leviticus 24Direct parallel command to bring pure beaten olive oil for the lamps to burn continually.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Direct reference to the blasphemer's sentence of stoning, executed here in accordance with that command.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
The original prescription for placing the showbread on the table before the Lord continually.
Supported by JFB
Jesus references David eating the showbread, illustrating the Sabbath laws and the bread's purpose.
Supported by JFB
Identifies the Egyptian father as part of the mixed multitude that left Egypt with Israel.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallels the death penalty for taking a human life versus restitution for animal life.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Contrasts the principle of life for life in beasts with the penalty for murder.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Establishes the foundational principle of one law for both the native-born and the stranger.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Reaffirms a single legal standard for the assembly of Israel and the resident stranger.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Parallel instance of putting an offender in custody until God's specific will was declared.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Stoning outside the city/camp, mirroring the execution procedure first established in this chapter.
Supported by JFB
Explicit lexical parallel for the lex talionis principle: eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
Supported by JFB
Jesus contrasts personal retaliation with the legal lex talionis standards of eye for eye.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Declares that one law and one manner of custom shall apply to strangers.
Supported by JFB
Reflects on the severity of dying without mercy under the law of Moses.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallel command for stoning an offender outside the camp for violating God's law.
Supported by JFB
Execution of stoning outside the camp, matching the exact pattern of Shelomith's son.
Supported by JFB
Calvin links the sanctuary lamp to the Word of God as a lamp unto our feet.
Supported by John Calvin
Details the pure gold table upon which the showbread was ordered.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Frankincense on the bread serves as a memorial, comparable to the grain offering's memorial portion.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Historical account of David taking the old showbread when it was replaced on the Sabbath.
Supported by JFB
The foundational covenant mandate demanding the death penalty for whoever sheds human blood.
Supported by JFB
Specifies one law for unintentional sins, applicable to both native Israelites and strangers.
Applies the cities of refuge laws equally to citizens and resident strangers.
Command to judge righteously between a man and his brother or the stranger.
The mock charge of Naboth blaspheming God and the king, resulting in stoning.
Supported by JFB
The Third Commandment against taking the Lord's name in vain, which undergirds blasphemy laws.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Specifies stoning as the penalty for severe spiritual offenses, extending to strangers.
Demonstrates the prompt obedience of Israel to direct commandments given through Moses.