1 Kings4
New King James Version
1So King Solomon was king over all Israel.
2And these were his officials: Azariah the son of Zadok, the priest;
3Elihoreph and Ahijah, the sons of Shisha, scribes; Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud, the recorder;
4Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, over the army; Zadok and Abiathar, the priests;
5Azariah the son of Nathan, over the officers; Zabud the son of Nathan, a priest and the king’s friend;
6Ahishar, over the household; and Adoniram the son of Abda, over the labor force.
7And Solomon had twelve governors over all Israel, who provided food for the king and his household; each one made provision for one month of the year.
8These are their names: Ben-Hur, in the mountains of Ephraim;
9Ben-Deker, in Makaz, Shaalbim, Beth Shemesh, and Elon Beth Hanan;
10Ben-Hesed, in Arubboth; to him belonged Sochoh and all the land of Hepher;
11Ben-Abinadab, in all the regions of Dor; he had Taphath the daughter of Solomon as wife;
12Baana the son of Ahilud, in Taanach, Megiddo, and all Beth Shean, which is beside Zaretan below Jezreel, from Beth Shean to Abel Meholah, as far as the other side of Jokneam;
13Ben-Geber, in Ramoth Gilead; to him belonged the towns of Jair the son of Manasseh, in Gilead; to him also belonged the region of Argob in Bashan—sixty large cities with walls and bronze gate-bars;
14Ahinadab the son of Iddo, in Mahanaim;
15Ahimaaz, in Naphtali; he also took Basemath the daughter of Solomon as wife;
16Baanah the son of Hushai, in Asher and Aloth;
17Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar;
18Shimei the son of Elah, in Benjamin;
19Geber the son of Uri, in the land of Gilead, in the country of Sihon king of the Amorites, and of Og king of Bashan. He was the only governor who was in the land.
20Judah and Israel were as numerous as the sand by the sea in multitude, eating and drinking and rejoicing.
21So Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the River to the land of the Philistines, as far as the border of Egypt. They brought tribute and served Solomon all the days of his life.
22Now Solomon’s provision for one day was thirty kors of fine flour, sixty kors of meal,
23ten fatted oxen, twenty oxen from the pastures, and one hundred sheep, besides deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fatted fowl.
24For he had dominion over all the region on this side of the River from Tiphsah even to Gaza, namely over all the kings on this side of the River; and he had peace on every side all around him.
25And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, each man under his vine and his fig tree, from Dan as far as Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.
26Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.
27And these governors, each man in his month, provided food for King Solomon and for all who came to King Solomon’s table. There was no lack in their supply.
28They also brought barley and straw to the proper place, for the horses and steeds, each man according to his charge.
29And God gave Solomon wisdom and exceedingly great understanding, and largeness of heart like the sand on the seashore.
30Thus Solomon’s wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the men of the East and all the wisdom of Egypt.
31For he was wiser than all men—than Ethan the Ezrahite, and Heman, Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol; and his fame was in all the surrounding nations.
32He spoke three thousand proverbs, and his songs were one thousand and five.
33Also he spoke of trees, from the cedar tree of Lebanon even to the hyssop that springs out of the wall; he spoke also of animals, of birds, of creeping things, and of fish.
34And men of all nations, from all the kings of the earth who had heard of his wisdom, came to hear the wisdom of Solomon.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 4.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Solomon's court. (1–19). Solomon's dominions, His daily provision. (20–28). The wisdom of Solomon. (29–34).
vv1-19
In the choice of the great officers of Solomon's court, no doubt, his wisdom appeared. Several are the same that were in his father's time. A plan was settled by which no part of the country was exhausted to supply his court, though each sent its portion.
vv20-28
Never did the crown of Israel shine so bright, as when Solomon wore it. He had peace on all sides. Herein, his kingdom was a type of the Messiah's; for to Him it is promised that he shall have the heathen for his inheritance, and that princes shall worship him. The spiritual peace, and joy, and holy security, of all the faithful subjects of the Lord Jesus, were typified by that of Israel. The kingdom of God is not, as Solomon's was, meat and drink, but, what is infinitely better, righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. The vast number of his attendants, and the great resort to him, are shown by the provision daily made. Herein Christ far outdoes Solomon, that he feeds all his subjects, not with the bread that perishes, but with that which endures to eternal life.
vv29-34
Solomon's wisdom was more his glory than his wealth. He had what is here called largeness of heart, for the heart is often put for the powers of the mind. He had the gift of utterance, as well as wisdom. It is very desirable, that those who have large gifts of any kind, should have large hearts to use them for the good of others. What treasures of wisdom and knowledge are lost! But every sort of knowledge that is needful for salvation is to be found in the holy Scriptures. There came persons from all parts, who were more eager after knowledge than their neighbours, to hear the wisdom of Solomon. Solomon was herein a type of Christ, in whom are hid all treasures of wisdom and knowledge; and hid for us, for he is made of God to us, wisdom. Christ's fame shall spread through all the earth, and men of all nations shall come to him, learn of him, and take upon them his easy yoke, and find rest for their souls.
Key Words
מֶלֶךְ: a king
שְׁלֹמֹה: Shelomah, David's successor
עַל: above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
אֵלֶּה: these or those
שַׂר: a head person (of any rank or class)
עֲזַרְיָה: Azarjah, the name of nineteen Israelites
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
צָדוֹק: Tsadok, the name of eight or nine Israelites
Cross References
1 Kings 4Solomon's extensive borders and tributary kingdoms typify the global, peaceful reign of the Messiah.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Solomon's borders directly fulfill the territorial covenant promise made by God to Abraham.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The proverbial expression of peace and safety: sitting securely under one's own vine and fig tree.
Supported by JFB
Prophetic imagery echoing Solomon's peaceful reign, where every man invites his neighbor under his vine.
Supported by JFB
Christ notes the Queen of the South came to hear Solomon's wisdom, pointing to Himself.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Adoniram's role over the tribute/levy of compulsory labor is detailed further in chapter five.
Supported by JFB
The fulfillment of God's promise to grant Solomon unmatched wisdom and understanding.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Identifies Ethan, Heman, Calcol, and Dara as wise descendants of Zerah, whom Solomon excelled.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Illuminates the official court role of 'the king's friend' previously held by Hushai.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallels David's monthly military division system with Solomon's monthly provision officer system.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The massive population of Judah and Israel fulfills the patriarchal promise of sand-like multiplication.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Solomon's accumulation of thousands of horses stands in tension with the Mosaic prohibition for kings.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Shows continuity in Solomon's administration, retaining Jehoshaphat the recorder from David's reign.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Matches the boundaries of the land promised in Exodus from the river to the Philistines.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Confirms Solomon's continued work of setting in order many proverbs for the people.
Supported by Matthew Henry